• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.153-158
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• 1990

The structural changes in the vascular cambium and secondary xylem Alnus hirsuta (SPACH) Rupr. have been investigated in relation to the girth of the tree. The fusiform initials gain a gradual size increase and later remain more or less constant in their length and width. The width of the ray initials remain constant but their heights gradually increase before becoming almost constant. Xylem elements undergo considerable changes in their dimension with the growing girth of the tree and their trends of structural changes are the same as those of cambium.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1460-1462
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• 2003

XLPE compound have used for insulation of 22.9 [kV] power cable. XLPE compound is aged for use long time in distribution line. The cause of aging is water tree is happening and growth. Accelerated water tree test method are Accelerated volatge method and high frequency method. In this paper, high frequency accelerated water tree was performed. And the result was analysed AC breakdown voltage and size and number of water trees.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2013년도 제46회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.69-72
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• 2013

This study investigates the characteristics of biochar by slow pyrolysis at $500^{\circ}C$ for various biomass residues. Six biomass materials were tested: Tree bark, Tree stem, bagasse, cocopeat, paddy straw and palm kernel shell. In the biochar yield, the effect of ash in the raw biomass was significant for paddy straw. Excluding the ash content, the timber bark, bagasse and paddy straw had a similar biochar yield of 26-29 wt.%. Tree stem and bagasse had well developed pores in a wide size range and large surface area over $200m^2/g$. Cocopeat and PKS has significantly higher biochar yield due to the increased content of lignin, but the development of intra-particle pores and microscopic surface area was very poor. The elemental composition, pH and other properties of the biochar samples were also compared.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2021

Agriculture is one of the essential needs of human life on planet Earth. It is the source of food and earnings for many individuals around the world. The economy of many countries is associated with the agriculture sector. Lots of diseases exist that attack various fruits and crops. Apple Tree Leaves also suffer different types of pathological conditions that affect their production. These pathological conditions include apple scab, cedar apple rust, or multiple diseases, etc. In this paper, an automatic detection framework based on deep learning is investigated for apple leaves disease classification. Different pre-trained models, VGG16, ResNetV2, InceptionV3, and MobileNetV2, are considered for transfer learning. A combination of parameters like learning rate, batch size, and optimizer is analyzed, and the best combination of ResNetV2 with Adam optimizer provided the best classification accuracy of 94%.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2015

Enlargement of street tree planting area is the proper and effective solution to reduce carbon dioxide. This solution bases on the ability of carbon storage and uptake by tree metabolism. However, the circumstance of road side has fatal disadvantages in tree metabolism such as growth and maturity because cutting and filling of roadsides cause unnatural soil composition. In this point, early rootage of street tree is the main factor of reducing carbon dioxide. This study aimed to find a appropriate transplantation planting method for sound and rapid rootage of street tree. For the study, Korean Mountain Ash(Sorbus alnifolia) were used for experimental groups. The groups were categorized by three groups such as trees produced on container with mulching treatment, trees produced in outdoor with mulching treatment, trees produced on container with weeding treatment. Each group consisted 10 trees with same size and transplanted in experimental site. Five months after transplanting, each group was estimated the biomass and carbon storage through a direct harvesting method. According to results of the study, the carbon storage of trees produced on container with mulching treatment is 42% more than trees produced in outdoor with mulching treatment. And the carbon storage of trees produced on container with mulching treatment is 19.5% more than trees produced on container with weeding treatment. These results may imply that transplantation of container produced tree with mulching treatment is the most rapid rootage among other groups. The weeding treatment is more effective than mulching treatment for rapid rootage of street trees.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

대용량 지형 데이터는 최신 그래픽 하드웨어를 사용해도 실시간으로 표현하기가 어렵다. 일반적으로 이런 대용량 지형 데이터를 실시간에 처리하기 위해 연속 상세 단계 기법 같은 메쉬 간략화 기법이 사용된다. 하지만 기하 분할(geometry splitting)과 같이 기존의 GPU기반 사진트리를 사용하는 기법은 트리의 깊이가 깊어질수록 많은 정점을 사용하고 이를 다시 재전송하기 때문에 성능이 저하되며 텍스처를 이용해 트리를 구성하기 때문에 트리의 용량이 커지는 단점이 있다. 이런 단점을 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 사진트리 기반의 묶음(chunk)으로 구성된 상세 단계 선별 기법을 GPU에서 처리하는 실시간 지형 렌더링 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 기하 분할 기법의 단점을 해결하기 위해 트리 탐색을 제한하고 테셀레이터(tessellator)에서 묶음을 생성한 후 렌더링함으로써 트리 탐색을 줄이고 묶음을 GPU에서 바로 생성할 수 있어 효율적으로 지형을 렌더링할 수 있다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.372-377
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• 2020

본 논문은 인셋 구조의 삼각 패치 안테나를 기본 구조로 하며, 배열 구조를 트윈 트리 형태로 하여 안테나 주엽 이득을 개선시키고 부엽 이득을 줄이는 연구에 대한 것이다. 삼각 인셋 패치의 2-4-6개의 배열로 이루어진 동일한 트리 2개를 나란히 배치하여 트윈 트리 구조를 구현했다. 파라미터 분석을 통해 나란히 배치된 트리 구조 간의 간격이 임피던스 매칭에 가장 효과적인 것을 확인했다. 제작된 안테나는 24.15 GHz에서 16.74 dBi 이득을 갖고, E-plane에서 주엽의 빔폭은 22°, H-plane에서는 6°이다. 안테나 크기는 125 mm × 50 mm이며, 유전상수가 3.2인 Taconic TLC 기판을 사용했다. 트윈 트리 구조의 주엽 이득은 개선되었지만 2개 트리 배열 구조의 상호 간섭으로 인한 빔 패턴에서의 지향성 부분은 개선할 여지가 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제3권7호
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• pp.921-926
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• 2002

B+-Tree는 데이터베이스 관리 시스템에서 대용량의 데이터를 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서 가장 널리 사용되는 인덱스이다. 하지만 기존의 B+-Tree는 데이터베이스를 처음 구성할 때나, 인덱스를 새로 구성할 시, 많은 DISK/IO가 발생하고, 삭제 연산이 빈번할 시에는 색인 구조 변경연산이 많이 발생하여 동시성이 떨어진다는 단점이 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 대부분의 데이터베이스 시스템에서는 일괄구성과 지연삭제를 이용한다. 하지만 일괄구성 및 지연(Lazy) 삭제 방법을 적용한 B+-Tree를 데이터 베이스 관리 시스템에 적용 하려면 동시성 제어 및 회복 기법이 필수적으로 요구되지만, 이에 대한 연구가 미흡하여 실제 시스템에 적용하기에는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 일괄구성과 지연삭제 방법을 적용한 B+-Tree를 실제 데이터베이스 시스템에 적용할 수 있도록 동시성 및 회복기법을 제안했다. 제안기법은 트랜잭션 Pending 리스트를 사용하여 연속적인 철회(Cascade Rollback)가 발생하지 않고, 재구성시 베이스 테이블에 대한 삽입, 삭제를 가능하게 하여 동시성을 높였으며, 시스템 Queue를 사용하여 일괄구성 연산을 사용자의 트랜잭션에서 수행하지 않고 따로 시스템 트랜잭션으로 처리하여 사용자의 트랜잭션의 응답시간을 줄였다.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2021

Background and objective: Urban street trees play an important role in carbon reduction in cities where greenspace is scarce. There are ongoing studies on carbon reduction by street trees. However, information on the carbon reduction capacity of street trees based on field surveys is still limited. This study aimed to quantify carbon uptake and storage by urban street trees and suggest a method to improve planting of trees in order to increase their carbon reduction capacity. Methods: The cities selected were Sejong, Chungju, and Jeonju among cities without research on carbon reduction, considering the regional distribution in Korea. In the cities, 155 sample sites were selected using systematic sampling to conduct a field survey on street environments and planting structures. The surveyed data included tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at root collar (DRC), height, crown width, and vertical structures. The carbon uptake and storage per tree were calculated using the quantification models developed for the urban trees of each species. Results: The average carbon uptake and storage of street trees were approximately 7.2 ± 0.6 kg/tree/yr and 87.1 ± 10.2 kg/tree, respectively. The key factors determining carbon uptake and storage were tree size, vertical structure, the composition of tree species, and growth conditions. The annual total carbon uptake and storage were approximately 1,135.8 tons and 22,737.8 tons, respectively. The total carbon uptake was about the same amount as carbon emitted by 2,272 vehicles a year. Conclusion: This study has significance in providing the basic unit to quantify carbon uptake and storage of street trees based on field surveys. To improve the carbon reduction capacity of street trees, it is necessary to consider planning strategies such as securing and extending available grounds and spaces for high-density street trees with a multi-layered structure.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.98-108
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• 2006

The climate of urban area is an unstable type with considerable seasonal variation in precipitation wind speed, and temperature and it grows worse. Besides, ozone is a serious air pollutant in most of large cities. So worldwide, some of large cities are investing in forestry options to offset their climate problems, but lack of information has hindered comparisons of urban un cost effectiveness to other options. This research intends to study the economic benefits of tree shading of 19 parking lots in UCD campus. The economic benefits of tree shading are air conditioning savings, air quality, stormwater run-off, and other benefits. Especially, this study focuses how much the economic benefit of parking lot shading has been increased from 1995 to 2003 year by aerophoto. Some data on dimensions of parking lots and the number, size, tree species, and location of trees around each parking lot was inventoried. Two aerophotos(1995,2003) were used in order to analyze the increasement of tree canopy in 19 parking lots for 8 years. However, increasing coverage of trees and managing them for healthy growth would not be sufficient for avoiding adverse impacts by future climate change. Additional measures should be followed such as an increase of energy use efficiency and development of substitute energy. For example, coverage of trees help to save cooling energy by blocking solar radiation reaching parking cars and building structures through shading, and creating cool micro-climates through evapotranspiration. They also reduce heating demand by decreasing air infiltration and heat conduction out of the interior of buildings. Proper arrangement of vegetation over the parking lots can reduce cooling and heating costs. So proper planting design around hard space paving including species selection and location can significantly save cooling and heating energy. And a reduction in car and building's heating and cooling costs results in the reduction in energy demand which causes to emissions of air pollutants. Total increased tree canopy from 1995 to 2003 is $8,470.45m^2$ and the economic benefits is US$ 5,282.10. The economic benefit of one tree has been US$ 7.21 for 8 years. And an annually increased benefit is US$ 0.9 per a tree. If this kind of study is applied to studying the economic benefits of tree canopy in parking lots of Korea, it could result in guidelines of tree planting of parking lots. Because the trees selected for planting in parking lots were not suitable for an environment, the guidelines should contain a recommended list of trees. The guidelines should propose the shading percentage of parking lot when we plan a parking lot and contain the maintenance of trees in order to maximize the economic benefits of tree canopy.