• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of insole-equipped ankle-foot-orthoses (AFO) on gait. 10 healthy males who had no history of injury in the lower extremity participated in this study as the subjects. The foot of each subject was first scanned, and the insole fit to the plantar was made using BDI-PCO(Pedcad Gmbh, Germany). The subject then was made to walk on a treadmill under four experimental conditions: 1) normal walking, 2) walking wearing AFO, 3) walking wearing AFO equipped with the insole, 4) walking wearing pneumatic-ankle-foot-orthosis (pAFO) equipped with the insole. During walking, foot pressure data such as maximum force, contacting area, peak pressure, and mean pressure was collected using Pedar-X system (Novel Gmbh, Germany) and EMG activity of lower limb muscles such as gastrocnemius medial head, gastrocnemius lateral head, and soleus was recorded using MP150 EMG module (BIOPAC System Inc., USA). Collected data was then analyzed using paired t-test in order to investigate the effects of the insole. As a result of the analysis, when insole was equipped, overall contacting area was increased while both the highest peak pressure and the mean pressure were significantly decreased, and EMG activity of the lower limb muscles was decreased. On the contrary, the cases of wearing AFO showed the decreased contacting area and the increased pressures. Therefore, the AFO equipped with a proper insole fit well to the foot can help comfortable walking by spreading the pressure over the entire plantar.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2021

본 연구는 보행 훈련시 심박수의 변화에 따라 보행속도를 조절하여 뇌졸중 환자의 심폐기능의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상자는 만성 뇌졸중 환자 20명을 무작위로 실험군과 대조군으로 분류하여 연구를 진행하였다. 실험군은 심박수 측정기를 착용한 상태로 트레드밀에서 심박수의 변화에 따라 보행속도를 증가 또는 감소시키면서 보행훈련을 실시하였고, 대조군은 대상자의 주관적인 속도에 의해 보행훈련을 실시하였다. 보행훈련 사이에 10분 간격으로 1분씩 휴식시간을 부여했으며 주 3회씩 총 6주간 중재를 실시하였다. 대상자들의 중재이후의 변화를 살펴보기 위하여 폐활량(VC), 호기예비용적(ERV), 흡기예비용적(IRV) 노력성 폐활량(FVC), 1초간 노력성 호기량(FEV1), 최대 호기 속도(PEF)를 측정하여 심폐기능의 변화를 확인하였다. 연구결과 폐활량, 흡기예비용적, 호기예비용적에서 집단과 시기사이에서 상호작용을 나타내었으며 주효과인 집단 및 시기 간 유의한 차이도 나타났다(p<.05), 1초간 노력성 호기량, 노력성 폐활량, 최대 호기속도에서는 그룹과 시기사이에서 상호작용이 나타나지 않았다. 주 효과에서는 집단 간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나(p>.05) 시기 간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연구결과 보행과정에서 심박수의 변화에 따라 속도를 변화시켜 훈련을 시행할 경우 심폐기능의 유의한 향상을 보인 것으로 보아 보행 훈련시 속도변화를 통해 훈련을 할 경우 심폐기능의 유의한 변화를 이끌어 낼 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of backward walking exercise on changes in the cervical angle and gait parameters in subjects with moderate forward head posture. Methods : Four subjects were selected for this study. In particular, subjects with an average of 43 subjects with moderate craniovertebral angles were selected as the criteria for subject selection. The exercise program consisted of a 5 minutes warm-up exercise, 20 minutes main exercise, and 5 minutes cool-down exercise. In the main exercise, the treadmill speed was 2.5 km/h for men, 2.0 km/h for women in the first week, from the 2nd week to the 4th week, it was increased by 0.5 km/h every week. Results : Craniovertebral angle increased by 2.06±2.46 ° before and after the backward walking exercise, and craniorotational angle decreased by -1.69±3.33 ° before and after exercise. As for the gait parameters, in the amount of change before and after the backward walking exercise, the left foot pressure was 4.58±5.70 % from front to back and the right foot pressure was 5.08±3.06 % from front to back. The left step length and right step length showed a change of -.33±4.43 cm and -2.08±7.26 cm, respectively. stride length showed a change of -2.59±11.18 cm. The left and right stance phase showed a change of -1.02±2.03 % and -1.23±1.54 %, respectively. The left and right swing phase showed changes of 1.02±2.03 % and 1.22±1.53 %, respectively. The left and right step times were -.01±.06 sec and -.02±.12 sec, respectively. The stride time showed a change of -.03±.18 sec. Conclusion : Changes in cervical angle and gait parameters were confirmed by performing backward walking exercise for subjects with moderate forward head posture for 4 weeks. Therefore, additional research should be conducted based on this case study.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1062-1065
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• 2002

We have evaluated the ability of a time-delayed artificial neural network (TDANN) to predict muscle forces using only eletromyographic(EMG) signals. To achieve this goal, tendon forces and EMG signals were measured simultaneously in the gastrocnemius muscle of a dog while walking on a motor-driven treadmill. Direct measurements of tendon forces were performed using an implantable force transducer and EMG signals were recorded using surface electrodes. Under dynamic conditions, the relationship between muscle force and EMG signal is nonlinear and time-dependent. Thus, we adopted EMG amplitude estimation with adaptive smoothing window length. This approach improved the prediction ability of muscle force in the TDANN training. The experimental results indicated that dynamic tendon forces from EMG signals could be predicted using the TDANN, in vivo.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.487-494
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metatarsal pad (MP) compared with barefoot and MP with using different insoles on gait. 15 healthy females who had no history of injury in the lower extremity with an average age of 22.7 year(SD=1.35), height of 160 cm(SD=3.4), weight of 48.8 kg(SD=5.52) and average foot size of 232.5 mm(SD=6.8) participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects walked on a treadmill under four different experimental conditions: 1) walking with barefoot, 2) walking wearing MP 3) walking wearing a soft insole with MP(SIMP), 4) walking wearing a rigid insole with MP(HIMP). During walking, foot pressure data such as force, contacting area, peak pressure, and mean pressure was collected using Pedar-X System(Novel Gmbh, Germany) and EMG activity of lower limb muscles such as tibialis anterior(TA), lateral gastrocnemius(LG), rectus femoris(RF), and musculus biceps femoris(MBF) was gathered using Delsys EMG Work System(Delsys, USA). Collected data was then analyzed using paired t-test in order to investigate the effects of each of experimental conditions. As a result of the analysis, when MP and HIMP were equipped, overall contacting area was increased while the force, peak pressure and the mean pressure were decreased. Especially, when the SIMP was equipped, every data were significantly decreased. In case of EMG, wearing MP, SIMP and HIMP made three muscles(TA, LG, RF)'s activity decrease. A result of the analysis will be able to apply for manufacturing functional shoes, diabetes shoes, senior shoes and lower extremity orthosis. Significance of the study due to a metatarsal pad and the insole is to analyze the changes in muscle strength.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.395-409
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to optimize the number and positions of foot pressure sensors using the reliability analysis of the center of pressure (COP) in smart shoes. Background: Foot pressure can be different according to foot region, and it is important which region of the foot pressure needs to be measured. Method: Thirty adults (age: $20.5{\pm}1.8years$, body weight: $71.4{\pm}6.5kg$, height: $1.76{\pm}0.04m$) participated in this study. The foot pressure data were collected using the insole of Pedar-X system (Novel GmbH, USA) with a sampling frequency of 100Hz during 1.3m/s speed walking on the treadmill (Instrumented treadmill, Bertec, USA). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated between the COP positions using 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 99 sensors, while one-way repeated measure ANOVA was performed between the standard deviation (SD) of the COP positions. Results: The medio-lateral (M/L) COP position using 99 sensors was positively correlated with the M/L COP positions using 6, 7, and 8 sensors; however, it was not correlated with the M/L COP positions using 4 and 5 sensors during landing phase (1~4%) (p<.05). The antero-posterior (A/P) COP position using 99 sensors was positively correlated with the A/P COP positions using 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 sensors (p<.05). The SD of the COP position using 99 sensors was smaller than the SD of the M/L COP positions using 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 sensors (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings, it is desirable to arrange at least 6 sensors in smart shoes. Application: The study of optimizing the number and positions of foot pressure sensors would contribute to developing more effective smart shoes using foot pressure technology.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2008

Background: Hemiplegic patients usually have difficulty maintaining balance. Balance training is a major component of there habilitation program for patients with neurological impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PLS(Posterior Leaf Spring), FES(Functional Electrical stimulation), treadmill training, and neurodevelopmental treatment on the improvement of balance in patients with hemiplegia. Methods: We looked into published studies from Dankook University’s electronic library databases of RISS4U, KMbase, NCBI, and MEDLIS concerning the effectiveness of any form of intervention leading to improvement of balance. All types of studies relevant to the topic that were published in English during the time period of 1986 to 2005 were included. Results: 1. There were significant differences in standing balance, dynamic activity balance, and gait speed between barefoot subjects and subjects who wore SPAFO and HPAFO(p<.05). 2. The changes in ROM and FRT related to sex, age, height, and weight part of the diagnosis, as well as experience relapse, was of meaningless value. Changes in ROM related to the duration of pain and experiences of falling down were also meaningless. However, FRT showed significant static differences(p<.05). 3. The body-weight-support treadmill training scoring of standing balance, step length, and a timed 10m walking test showed definite improvement. 4. The proprioceptive control approach improved dynamic balance in patients with hemiplegia. Conclusion: Consequently, further study is needed to verify methods when physical therapists are researching balance ability in hemiplegic patient.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise program on natural killer cell cytotoxic activity(NKCA) in breast cancer patients who had been radiation therapy after surgery. The subjects in the experimental group consisted of 11 breast cancer patients, while the subjects in the control group consisted of 15. Subjects in the experimental group participated in exercise program for 8 weeks. Exercise program consisted of shoulder stretching, arm weight training and treadmill walking exercise. They started to exercise on treadmill for 20 minutes per day, 3 times a week at 40% of maximum heart rate, and increased intensity and duration of exercise so that they were running 30 minutes/day at 60% of maximum heart rate from the 3rd week to the 8th week. Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity were determined before and after the exercise program. For measuring the natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, 8ml to 10ml blood was collected from the subjects. Mononuclear cell was isolated by centrifuge of the blood and cultured by putting $Cr^{51}$, and reacted with target cell, K562 cell. Baseline demographic and medical data were compared between groups with the Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test. For effects of the exercise program, repeated measures ANOVA was used. The result was as follows; Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity(NKCA) in experimental group comparing with control group significantly increased after the exercise program in case of effector cell : target cell ratio is 100 : 1(p<0.05). The above result suggest that the exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy after breast surgery may increase the natural killer cell cytotoxic activity.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.319-329
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 다자유도 동적 하네스 시스템 개발을 위해 일상동작에서와 트레드밀 보행 시 하네스 체중 지지에 따른 하지 동작 패턴에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 건강한 성인 남성 5명을 대상으로 일상생활 동작과 하네스 체중지지에 따른 좌, 우 대퇴직근, 외측광근, 전경골근, 외측 비복근과 족압을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 일상생활 동작 수행 시 EMG는 각 구분 동작들에 따른 특이적인 근육 활성을 나타내었다. 슬관절의 굴곡과 신전을 요하는 앉기, 서기, 계단 오르기, 계단 내리기 동작에서의 외측광근의 활성이 두드러졌다. 족압 분포의 경우 일상생활 동작 중 중력방향으로 내려오는 계단 내려오기 동작에서 가장 큰 족압 분포 값을 보였다. 수동형 하네스 체중 지지율이 증가에 따라 근육 활성도와 족압 분포 값은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 체중지지를 통한 보행 훈련이 체중지지율 변화에 따라 다양한 환자 군에 적용 시킬 수 있을 것이다 판단된다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.948-956
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a prototype KAFO (Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis) powered by two artificial pneumatic muscles during walking. We had previously built powered AFO (Ankle-Foot Orthosis) and KO (Knee Orthosis) and used it effectively in studies on assistance of plantaflexion and knee extension motion. Extending the previous study to a KAFO presented additional challenges related to the assistance of gait motion for rehabilitation training. Five healthy males were performed gait motion on treadmill wearing KAFO equipped with artificial pneumatic muscles to power ankle plantaflexion and knee extension. Subjects walked on treadmill at 1.5 km/h under four conditions without extensive practice: 1) without wearing KAFO, 2) wearing KAFO with artificial muscles turned off, 3) wearing KAFO powered only in plantaflexion under feedforward control, and 4) wearing KAFO powered both in plantaflexion and knee extension under feedforward control. We collected surface electromyography, foot pressure and kinematics of ankle and knee joint. The experimental result showed that a muscular strength of wearing KAFO powered plnatarfexion and knee extension under feedforward control was measured to be lower due to pneumatic assistance and foot pressure of wearing KAFO powered plnatarfexion and knee extension under feedforward control was measured to be greater due to power assistance. In the result of motion analysis, the ankle angle of powered KAFO in terminal stance phase was found a peak value toward plantaflexion and there were difference of maximum knee flexion range among condition 2, 3 and 4 in mid-swing phase. The current orthosis design provided plantaflexion torque of ankle jonit in terminal stance phase and knee extension torque of knee joint in mid-swing phase.