• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.12-27
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Guibi-tang water extract (GB) on osteoporosis. Methods: We examined the effect of GB on osteoclast differentiation using murine pre-osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). The effect of GB on osteoclast was measured by counting TRAP (+) multinucleated cells and measuring TRAP activity. The mRNA expressions of osteoclastogenesis-related genes (Cathepsin K, MMP-9, TRAP, NFATc1, MITF, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, COX-2) were measured by real-time PCR. We examined the effect of GB on osteoblast proliferation, ALP activity, bone matrix protein synthesis and collagen synthesis using murine calvarial cell. Results: GB decreased the number of TRAP (+) multinucleated cells and inhibited TRAP activity in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell. GB decreased the expression of genes related osteoclastogenesis such as Cathepsin K, MMP-9, TRAP, NFATc1, MITF, COX-2 in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell. But GB did not decrease the expression of iNOS and increased the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell. These genes (iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6) are thought to be related with the inflammatory bone destruction. GB increased cell proliferation of rat calvarial cell and also increased ALP activity in rat calvarial cell. GB did not increase bone matrix protein synthesis but increased collagen synthesis in rat calvarial cell. Conclusions: This study suggests that GB may be effective in treating osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and its related gene expression and by increasing osteoblast proliferation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1035-1048
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Gardenia jasminoides extract (GJ) on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro. Methods: To investigate the effect of GJ on osteoclast differentiation, the mouse leukemic myeloid cell line RAW 264.7 was stimulated by RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand). Osteoclast differentiation was measured by counting TRAP (+) MNC in the presence of RANKL. To elucidate the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of GJ on osteoclast differentiation, gene expression of TRAP, Cathepsin K, MMP-9, NFATc1, c-Fos, MITF, DC-STAMP, CTR, OC-STAMP and Atp6v0d2 was measured using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Bone resorption was measured using the bone pit formation assay. Results: GJ decreased the number of TRAP (+) MNCs in the presence of RANKL. GJ inhibited the expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9, TRAP, MITF, NFATc1, c-Fos, iNON, OC-STAMP, Atp6v0d2, and DC-STAMP in the osteoclast, and inhibited bone pit formation in vitro. Conclusions: The results suggest that GJ has inhibitory effects on bone resorption resulting from inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and gene expression.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.23-44
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the healing effect of Hyeolbuchugeo-tang (HC) in rats with rib fracture. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (naive, control, positive control, HC-L and HC-H). All groups except naive group were subjected to bone fracture of rib. Naive group received no treatment at all. Control group was fed with phosphate buffered saline. Positive control group was orally medicated with tramadol. Experimental group was orally medicated with HC extract (50 mg/kg for low concentration [HC-L], 100 mg/kg for high concentration [HC-H]). X-ray and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) were conducted to assess the effect of HC. We analysed the level of 2) transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Ki67, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) on 7 and 14 days after fracture. ALP, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine was measured for safety assessment. Results X-ray and micro-CT, showed HC enhance bone repair process. Callus formation was increased in experimental group at 7 days after fracture, but decreased at 14 days after fracture. 7 days after fracture, the level of TGF-β1 in experimental group was decreased. The level of Ki67, Runx2 in HC-H, TRAP in HC-L was increased. 14 days after fracture, the level of Ki67 in HC-L and HC-H was decreased. The level of ALP, Runx2, BUN in HC-L, TRAP in HC-L and HC-H was increased. Conclusions Taken together the results, HC promoted healing of bone fracture. In conclusion, HC has a potential to promote healing of bone fracture.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.249-254
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• 2020

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is an immune response for the invasion of microbes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of zinc on NET formation of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). The NET formation of PMNs was measured by fluorescence microplate reader. The production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the culture supernatants from zinc-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Zinc itself did not have no effect on NET formation. However, the NET formation of PMNs was increased by culture supernatants from PBMCs treated with zinc. Also, the NET formation of PMNs was increased by recombinant porcine (rp) TNF-α. The production of TNF-α in PBMCs culture supernatants was shown to increase upon zinc treatments. These NET formations of PMNs increased by either culture supernatant from PBMCs treated with zinc or rpTNF-α were inhibited by treatment of anti-rpTNF-α polyclonal antibody (pAb). These results suggested that zinc has an immunostimulating effect on the NET formation of PMNs, which is mediated by TNF-α released from zinc-treated PBMCs. Therefore, zinc may play an important role for NET formation in the defense of porcine inflammatory diseases.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.157-169
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• 2023

Effects of culture supernatants of Lactobacillus reuteri MG5346 (CS-MG5346) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis were examined. CS-MG5346 treatment up to 400 ㎍/mL significantly reduced tartrate-resistant acid-phosphatase (TRAP) activity, the phenotype biomarker of osteoclast, without affecting cell viability. CS-MG5346 inhibited the expression of osteoclast specific transcriptional factors (c-fos and nuclear factor-activated T cells c1) and their target genes (TRAP, cathepsin, and matrix metallo-proteinase-9) in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The administration of L. reuteri MG5346 (2×10⁸ CFU/day) for 8 wks significantly improved furcation involvement, but no difference was observed in alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis rats. The elevated RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio, the biomarker of periodontitis, was significantly lowered in the gingival tissue by administration of L. reuteri MG5346 (p<0.05). L. reuteri MG5346 showed excellent stability in simulated stomach and intestinal fluids and did not have antibiotic resistance. Based on the results, L. reuteri MG5346 has the potential to be a promising probiotic strain for oral health.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2024

The rice field grasshopper, Oxya chinensis sinuosa (OC), has traditionally been utilized in Korea for various purposes; however, its potential benefits in the context of osteoporosis remain unclear. The results revealed that OC ethanol extract (OCE) significantly inhibited the formation and activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, OCE, at concentrations ranging from 100 to 400 ㎍/mL, demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the protein expression of osteoclast-specific markers, including nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1, c-Src, and TRAP, when compared to RANKL stimulation alone. Additionally, OCE significantly inhibited RANKL-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Collectively, these results indicate that OCE suppresses osteoclastogenesis by attenuating the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK. Consequently, these findings suggest that OCE holds promise for the prevention of osteoporosis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.743-752
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• 2009

One of the major problems associated with operation of domestic sewer lines involves hydraulic problems such as insufficient conveyance capacity, exceeding maximum velocity, and deficiency of minimum velocity. It has also been pointed out that influent concentration lower than design concentration of pollutants, which is mainly caused by unidentified inflow and infiltration, degrades the operational efficiency of many sewage treatment plants (STPs). A computer-added analysis method supporting a coupled simulation of sewage quality and quantity is essentially required to evaluate the status of existing STPs and to improve their efficiency by a proper sewer rehabilitation work. In this study, dynamic water quality simulations were conducted using MOUSE TRAP to investigate the principal parameters that governs the changes of BOD, ${NH_4}^+$, and ${PO_4}^{3-}$3- concentrations within the sewer networks based on data acquired through on-site and laboratory measurements. The BOD, ${NH_4}^+$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$3- concentrations estimated by MOUSE TRAP was lower than theoretical pollution loads because of sedimentation and decomposition in the sewer. The results revealed that sedimentation is a most important factor than other biological reactions in decreasing pollutant load in the sewers of C-city. The sensitivity analysis of parameters pertaining to water quality changes indicated that the effect of the BOD decay rate, the initial DO concentration, the half-saturation coefficient of dissolved BOD, and the initial sediment depth is marginal. However, the influence of settling rate and temperature is relatively high because sedimentation and precipitation, rather than biological degradation, are dominant processes that affect water quality in the study sewer systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2018

Fossil fuel combustion during fishing activities is a major contributor to climate changes in the fishing industry. The Tier1 methodology calculation and on-site continuous measurements of the greenhouse gas were carried out through the use of fuel by the coastal and offshore gillnet (blue crabs and yellow croaker) and trap (small octopus and red snow crab) fishing boats in Korea. The emission comparison results showed that the field measurements are similar to or slightly higher than the Tier1 estimates for coastal gillnet and trap. In offshore gillnet and trap fisheries, Tier1 estimate of greenhouse gases was about $1,644-13,875kg\;CO_2/L$, which was more than the field measurement value. The $CO_2$ emissions factor based on the fuel usage was $2.49-3.2kg\;CO_2/L$ for coastal fisheries and $1.46-2.24kg\;CO_2/L$ for offshore fisheries. Furthermore, GHG emissions per unit catch and the ratio of field measurement and Tier1 emission estimate were investigated. Since the total catch of coastal fish was relatively small, the emission per unit catch in coastal fisheries was four to eight times larger. The results of this study could be used to determine the baseline data for responding to changes in fisheries environment and reducing greenhouse gas emission.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2024

This study employs Bayesian network analysis to quantitatively evaluate the risk of incidents in trap boats, utilizing accident compensation approval data spanning from 2018 to 2022. With a dataset comprising 1,635 incidents, the analysis reveals a mortality risk of approximately 0.011 across the entire trap boat. The study significantly identifies variations in incident risks contingent upon fishing area and fishing processes. Specifically, incidents are approximately 1.22 times more likely to occur in coastal compared to offshore, and the risk during fishing processes outweighs that during maintenance operations by a factor of approximately 23.20. Furthermore, a detailed examination of incident types reveals varying incidence rates. Trip/slip incidents, for instance, are approximately 1.36 times more prevalent than bump/hit incidents, 1.58 times more than stuck incidents, and a substantial 5.17 times more than fall incidents. The study concludes by providing inferred mortality risks for 16 distinct scenarios, incorporating fishing areas, processes, and incident types. This foundational data offers a tailored approach to risk mitigation, enabling proactive measures suited to specific circumstances and occurrence types in the trap boat industry.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2000

Bone marrow culture systems are widely used to differentiate osteoclast-like cells in vitro using several osteotropic hormones. In this study, we isolated and cultured the mouse bone marrow cells with or without some osteotropic hormones such as parathyroid hormone(PTH), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and $l,25(OH)_2-vitamin$ $D_3$(Vit. $D_3$). We confirmed the formation of osteoclast-like cells morphologically and functionally by the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) and by their capability to resorb dentin slices. We also studied the effects of transforming growth $factor-{\beta}(TGF-{\beta})$ and epidermal growth factor(EGF) on the Vit. $D_3-induced$ osteoclast-like cell formation. In control, a few multinucleated cells were formed whereas PTH and $PGE_2$ increased the number of multinucleated cells. PTH, $PGE_2$ and Vit. $D_3$ induced the formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells. After culture of mouse bone marrow cells on the dentin slices with or without osteotropic hormones, giant cells with diverse morphology were found on the dentin slices under the scanning electronmicroscopy. After removing the attached cells, resorption pits were identified on the dentin slices, and the shape of resorption pits was variable. EGF increased the osteoclast-like cell formation induced by Vit. $D_3$, however, $TGF-{\beta}$ showed biphasic effect, which at low concentration, increased and at high concentration, decreased the osteoclast-like cell formation induced by Vit. $D_3$.