• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 1992

To develop the wireless remote opreating system of walking rice transplanter, this study was carried out for manufacturing the wireless remote control system acting upon the transplanter. The first report of this study contained about the construction and operating method of a developed remote control system for 2-row walking type transplanter. It is the second report about the field test for an experimental transplanter being attached a wireless control system and for a conventional transplanter. The test was executed to investigate the characteristics of velocity, rectilinearity, turning time, interval of roots and of rows, and field capacity in accordance with various engine speeds for an experimental transplanter. The measurements of this test were compared with those of the conventional transplanter. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The operating velocity of the experimental transplanter was faster than the conventional one when the high speed range of the engine but the variances were very large. 2. The rectilinearity, interval of raws and of roots, and the turning time of the experimental transplanter was inferior to the conventional one at some speed ranges of the engine. 3. Field capacity of the experimental transplanter was superior to the conventional one at high speed of the engine. 4. There were some disadvantages for the experimental transplanter to operate, because it was constructed without any aid devices, such as float and hydraulic system for instance. But if the remote control system of this study equip at the modern walking transplanter, it will be improved and utilized without defects which was revealed from this test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1997.06c
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• pp.238-246
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develop a robotic transplanter for bedding plants. The robotic transplanter consisted of machine vision system, a manipulator, a gripper and plug tray transfer system. The performance of the robotic transplanter was tested and compared by two different transplanting methods, which were to consider the leaf orientation of seedlings and not to. Results of this study were as follows. (1) A cartesian coordinate manipulator for a robotic transplanter with 3 degree of freedom was constructed. The accuracy of position control was $\pm$1 mm. (2) The robotic transplanter with the machine vision system, the manipulator, the gripper and the transfer system was developed and tested with a shovel-type finger. Without considering the orientation of leaves, the success rates of transplanting healthy cucumber seedlings in 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 95.5% and 94.5% respectively. Considering the orientation of leaves, the success rates of transplanting healthy cucumber seedling in 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 96.0% and 95.0% respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.2 s.115
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• pp.88-94
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• 2006

The market of rice transplanter has already been changed for riding and to be turned large size of chassis. Because an automation is rapidly expanded, It is strongly need to analyze a mechanism and develop a hydraulic circuit. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of working equipment of rice transplanter for riding and developed hydraulic circuits. We proposed the operating mechanism of rice transplanter for riding through the mechanistic analysis of working equipment. And the simulation and experiment were performed. In order to up and down the working equipment of rice transplanter for riding, we designed the mechanism which was installed hydraulic circuit and hydraulic cylinder, and it was manufactured. The pressure of developed hydraulic circuit was set by 800 $N/cm^2$. In the field testing, the hydraulic response presented at 50 msec in the maximum driving velocity, 0.8 m/sec of rice transplanter for riding, and it was well performed. The results of experiments showed the system characteristics sufficient to use as the hydraulic mechanism for a rice transplanter for riding.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1998

This study was conducted to develop m automatic pot-seedling transplanter for plant factory. The transplanter consists of a gripper, row-spacing control device, nursing tray transfer system, growing trough transfer system, and gripper moving device. The gripper picks up pot-seedling. The gripper moving device moves the gripper between nursing tray and growing-flat. Nursing trays are moved to workspace by the nursing tray transfer system. The growing trough transfer system was developed to move growing trough to workspace. The row-spacing control device was used to adjust the distance between adjacent plants traversely. The results of this study are as follows. The transplanting capacity of the developed transplanter was 7.1 seconds per cycle or 1.18 second per pot-seedling. Successful planting was 98.9% without seedlings and 95.8% with seedlings.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1997.12a
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• pp.392-400
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develope the machine vision system of a robotic transplanter for bedding plants. Specific objectives of this study were 1) to get coordinates of the healthy seedlings except empty cells and bad seedlings in high-density plug tray, and 2) to get the angle of the leaves of the healthy seedlings to avoid damage to the seedlings by gripper. The results of this study are summarized as follows. (1) The machine vision system of a robotic transplanter was developed. (2) The success rates of detecting empty cell and bad seedlings in 72-cell and 128-cell plug trays were 98.8% and 94.9% respectively. (3) The success rates of calculating the angle of leaves in 72-cell and 128-cell plug trays were 93.5% and 91.0% respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2013

Purpose: It is not easy to drive a rice-transplanter avoiding underlapped or overlapped transplanting in paddy fields. An automated guidance system for the riding-type rice-transplanter would be necessary to operate the rice-transplanter autonomously or to assist the beginning drivers as a driving aid. Methods: A prototype of guidance system was composed of embedded computers, RTK-GPS, and a power-steering mechanism. Two Kalman filters were adopted to overcome sparse positioning data (1 Hz) from the RTK-GPS. A global Kalman filter estimated the posture of rice-transplanter every one second, and a local Kalman filter calculated the posture from every new estimation of the global Kalman filter with an interval of 200 ms. A PID controller was applied to the row-following mode control. A control method of U-turning mode was developed as well. A stepping motor with a reduction gear set was used to rotate the shaft of steering wheel. Results: Test trials for U-turning and row-following modes were done in a paddy field after some parameters have been tuned at the ground speed range of 0.3 ~ 1.2 m/s. The minimum RMS error of offset was 3.13 cm at the ground speed of 0.3 m/s while the maximum RMS error was 13.01 cm at 1.2 m/s. The offset RMS error tended to increase as the ground speed increased. The target point distance, LT also affected the system performance and PID controller parameters should be adjusted on different ground speeds. Conclusions: A target angle-based PID controller plus stationary steering angle controller made it possible for the rice-transplanter to steer autonomously by following a reference line accurately and even on U-turning mode. However, as condition in paddy fields is very complicated, the system should control the ground speed that prevents it from deviating too much due to ditch and slope.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develop a robotic transplanter for bedding plants. The robotic transplanter consisted of machine vision system, manipulator attached with the specially designed gripper, and plug tray transfer system. Results of this study were as follows. 1. A machine vision system for a robotic transplanter was developed. The success rates of detecting empty cells and bad seedlings in 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays for cucumber seedlings were 98.8％ and 94.9％ respectively. The success rates of identifying leaf orientation for 72- cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 93.5% and 91.0%, respectively. 2. A cartesian coordinate manipulator for a robotic transplanter with 3 degrees of freedom was constructed. The accuracy of position control was $\pm$ 1mm. 3. The robotic transplanter was tested with a shovel-type finger. Without considering leaf orientation, the success rates of transplanting healthy cucumber seedlings for 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 95.5% and 94.5%, respectively. Considering leaf orientation, the success rates of transplanting healthy cucumber seedling in 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 96.0% and 95.0%, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

A wireless control system was designed and constructed to control the rice transplanter of walking type with remote control. VHF(very high freqency) was sent from wireless transmitter to wireless reciever by usig 6 channels to control main clutch, steering clutch, plant lever and throttle lever within 200 meter distance between remote control and rice transplanter. The rice transplanter with wireless control system showed good performance for accuracy of travel speed, traveling mobility and turning diameter in the concrete, paddy and dry field. It is concluded that the developed wireless control system could be adapted to control not only conventional rice transplanters but also most of the agricultural machine by changing some parts of the control system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develope a machine vision system for a robotic transplanter for bedding plants. Specific objectives of this study were 1) to get coordinates of the healthy seedlings in high-density plug tray, and 2) to get the angle of the leaves of the healthy seedlings to avoid the damage to seedlings by gripper. Results of this study were summarized as follows. (1) The machine vision system of a robotic transplanter was developed. (2) Success rates of detecting empty cell and bad seedlings for 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 98.8% and 94, 9% respectively. (3) Success rates of calculating the angle of leaves fer 72-cell and 128-cell plug-trays were 93.5% and 91.0% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.290-297
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• 2018

Electric drive technology is continually advanced to improve fuel efficiency in the automobile industry. It could improve the fuel efficiency of automobiles by 50% as well as agricultural machinery. The purpose of this study was to measure and analyze the power and current of an electric transplanter based on the planting distances during field operations. The electric transplanter was constructed by mounting the major components of a motor drive system onto a transplanter. The electric transplanter had a 3 kW motor power, and the major components included an inverter, battery, and a battery management system (BMS). The field tests were conducted by travelling at two speeds (300 and 760 mm/s) and by planting at three distances (260, 420 and 630 mm) with the working speed (300 mm/s), during travelling and transplanting. The results showed that the required power increased when the travelling speed was fast. One-way ANOVA for the planting distance and Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the motor power using statistical analysis software. In addition, the required power increased when the planting distances were short at every working condition. The results of this study would provide useful information for the development an electric transplanter.