• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2013

To produce biodiesel efficiently from fish oil containing 4% free fatty acid, esterification and trans-esterification were carried out with Vietnam catfish oil, which was kindly provided from GS-bio company. Heterogeneous solid acid catalysts such as Amberlyst-15 and Amberlyst BD-20 and sulfuric acid as homogeneous acid catalyst were used for the esterification of free fatty acids in the fish oil. Sulfuric acid showed the highest removal efficiency of free fatty acid and the shortest reaction time among three acid catalysts. The base catalysts for trans-esterification such as KOH, $NaOCH_3$ and NaOH were compared with each other and KOH was determined to be the best transesterification catalyst. Some solid material, which assumed to be saponified product from glycerol and biodiesel, were observed to form in the fish oil biodiesel when using $NaOCH_3$ and NaOH as the transesterification catalyst. The initial acid value of fish oil was proven to have a negative effect on biodiesel conversion. Of the three catalysts, KOH catalyst transesterification was shown to have high content of FAME and the optimal ratio of methanol/oil ratio was identified to be 9:1.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1115-1120
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• 2002

The effects of seed-associated or free linseed oil on fermentation characteristics and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids composition, especially the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and octadecenoic acid (trans-11 $C_{18:1}$, $t-C_{18:1}$) by mixed ruminal bacteria were examined in vitro. Concentrate (1% of culture solution, w/v, as-fed basis) with ground linseed (0.6% of culture solution, w/v, DM basis) or linseed oil as absorbed onto ground alfalfa hay was added to 600 ml mixed solution consisting of strained rumen fluid and artificial saliva at the ratio of 1:1 in a glass culture jar. The culture jar was covered with a glass lid with stirrer, and placed into a water-bath ($39^{\circ}C$) and incubated anaerobically up to 24 h. Seed-associated or free linseed oil did not significantly affect the pH and ammonia concentration in the culture solution. Molar percent of acetate tended to increase while that of propionate decreased with the addition of free oil treatment throughout the incubation. Differences in bacterial number were relatively small, regardless of the form of supplements. Decreasing trends in the compositions of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) and linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) but increasing trends of stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$), $t-C_{18:1}$ and CLA compositions were found from culture contents up to 12h incubation when incubated with both ground linseed and linseed oil. The compositions of $C_{18:0}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ were greater but those of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $t-C_{18:1}$ and CLA were smaller in a culture solution containing ground linseed than those containing linseed oil. The ratio of $t-C_{18:1}$ to CLA was lower in the culture solutions containing linseed oil up to 12h incubations as compared to those containing ground linseed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2015

The latissimus dorsi flap is popular due to the versatile nature of its applications. When used as a pedicled flap it provides a robust solution when soft tissue coverage is required following breast, thoracic and head and neck surgery. Its utilization as a free flap is extensive due to the muscle's size, constant anatomy, large caliber of the pedicle and the fact it can be used for functional muscle transfers. In facial palsy it provides the surgeon with a long neurovascular pedicle that is invaluable in situations where commonly used facial vessels are not available, in congenital cases or where previous free functional muscle transfers have been attempted, or patients where a one-stage procedure is indicated and a long nerve is required to reach the contra-lateral side. Although some facial palsy surgeons use the trans-axillary approach, an operative guide of raising the flap by this method has not been provided. A clear guide of raising the flap with the patient in the supine position is described in detail and offers the benefits of reducing the risk of potential brachial plexus injury and allows two surgical teams to work synchronously to reduce operative time.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1997 no.05
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• pp.249-252
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• 1997

A study on static and dynamic socket pressure distributions on a trans-femoral amputee with a suction socket was performed in order to assess an optimal socket fitting and function. Even for the amputee's static neutral position, pressure concentrations were observed in the lateral, medial, and posterior planes of the socket. During free walking, a significant movement of pressure concentration areas was observed. Large socket pressure was observed in the lateral, medial-anterior and posterior walls during mid-stance or push-off period. Socket pressure measurement will be one of the good tool to determine the optimal socket-limb interface.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.163-186
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• 2014

This paper argues that the formation of regional integration frameworks can be best understood as a dominant state's attempt to create a preferred regional framework in which it can exercise exclusive influence. In this context, it is important to observe not only which countries are included in a regional framework, but also which countries are excluded from it. For example, the distinct feature of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is its exclusion of China, and that of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is its exclusion of the United States (US). An exclusion of a particular country does not mean that the excluded country will perpetually remain outside the framework. In fact, TPP may someday include China, resulting from a policy of the US "engaging" or "socializing" China rather than "balancing" against it. However, the first step of such a policy is to establish a regional framework from which the target country of engagement is excluded.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.233-272
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• 2021

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement, signed in November 2020, comes shortly after the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) entered into force and the US-China Trade War escalated. We use a computable general equilibrium model to assess the long-term effects of these three developments on income, trade, economic structure, factor returns and employment across the world, and especially in Asia-Pacific countries. The results suggest that RCEP could generate income gains that will be almost twice as large as those of the CPTPP, and that the two agreements together will largely offset the substantial negative effects of the US-China Trade War for the world as a whole. All three policy developments, but especially RCEP, will deepen East Asian production networks and will raise productivity and increase wages and employment in much of East Asia. At the sectoral level, regional trade in non-durable and durable manufactures will experience the most growth.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.534-540
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• 2005

Activity-guided fractionation of the CH$_2Cl_2$-soluble fraction of the roots of Sophora flavescens furnished five 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scaveng ers: trans-hexadecyl ferulic acid (1) cis-octadecyl ferulic acid (2), trans-hexadecyl sinapic acid (3), (-)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(6aR,11aR)-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (4) and desmethylanhydroicaritin (8), along with nine known inactive compounds: (-)-maackiain (5), xanthohumol (6), formononetin (7), (2S)-2'-methoxykurarinone (9), (2S)-3${\beta}$,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma},{\gamma}$- imethylallyl )-flavanone (10), (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8- (${\gamma},{\gamma}$-dimethylallyl ) -flavanone (11), umbelliferone (12), kuraridin (13), and trifolirhizin (14). Compounds 1-4 and 8 exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging effects at IC$_{50}$ values of 33.01 ${\pm}$ 0.20, 57.06 ${\pm}$ 0.16, 39.84 ${\pm}$ 0.36, 35.83 ${\pm}$ 0.47, and 18.11 ${\pm}$ 0.04${\mu}$M, respectively. L-Ascorbic acid, when used as a positive control, exhibited an IC$_{50}$ value of 7.39 ${\pm}$ 0.01 ${\mu}$M. Compounds 1-4 and 8 also appeared to exert significant scavenging effects on authentic ONOO-, with IC$_{50}$ values of 5.76 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 15.06 ${\pm}$ 1.64, 8.17 ${\pm}$ 4.97, 1.95 ${\pm}$ 0.29 and 4.06 ${\pm}$ 2.41 ${\mu}$M, respectively. Penicillamine (IC$_{50}$= 2.36 ${\pm}$ 0.79${\mu}$M) was used as a positive control. In addition, compounds 2,4,6,8, and 10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2005

Cyclosporin A binding protein type-19 kDa peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIases, EC 5.2.1.8) of Euglena gracilis was purified and some of its biochemical characters were elucidated. Purification of the PPIase was achieved by employing a series of steps involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, Superdex G-75 gel filtration chromatography, Mono­Q anion and Mono-S cation exchange chromatographies, and Superdex S-200 gel filtration chromatography on FPLC. Purified PPIase had a specific activity of 8,250 units/mg, showing a 27-fold increase compared with that of cell-free extract of Euglena gracilis. The enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 19 kDa. It showed high substrate specificity to succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, and $k_{car}/K_{m}$, for this substrate was found to be $61.19{\times}10^5/sec$. The isomer distributions were investigated at an equilibrium of seven different peptide substrates, varying Xaa in Suc-Ala-Xaa-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide in dimethylsulfoxide. The cis/trans equilibrium constants were estimated to be from 0.14 (Ile) to 0.63 (Gly), which correspond to $12.00\%\;to\;38.52\%$ of the cis population, respectively, under experimental condition. The enzyme was highly sensitive to the immunosuppressive ligand cyclosporin A, but not to other immunosuppressants such as FK506 and rapamycin. Thus, it appears to belong to the class of cyclophilin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2002

Activity staining on the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of a cell-free extract of Rhodococcus sp. TK6, grown in media containing alcohols as the carbon source, revealed at least seven isozyme bands, which were identified as alcohol dehydrogenases that oxidize cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone. Among the alcohol dehydrogenases, cyclohexanol dehydrogenase II (CDH II), which is the major enzyme involved in the oxidation of cyclohexanol, was purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass of the CDH II was determined to be 60 kDa by gel filtration, while the molecular mass of each subunit was estimated to be 28 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The CDH II was unstable in acidic and basic pHs, and rapidly inactivated at temperatures above $40^{\circ}C$ . The CDH II activity was enhanced by the addition of divalent metal ions, like $Ba^2+\;and\;Mg^{2+}$. The purified enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of a broad range of alcohols, including cyclohexanol, trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol, trans-cyclopentane-l,2-diol, cyclopentanol, and hexane-1,2-diol. The $K_m$ values of the CDH II for cyclohexanol, trans-cyclohexane-l,2-diol, cyclopentanol, trans-cyclopentane-l,2-diol, and hexane-l,2-diol were 1.7, 2.8, 14.2, 13.7, and 13.5 mM, respectively. The CDH II would appear to be a major alcohol dehydrogenase for the oxidation of cyclohexanol. The N-terminal sequence of the CDH II was determined to be TVAHVTGAARGIGRA. Furthermore, based on a comparison of the determined sequence with other short chain alcohol dehydrogenases, the purified CDH II was suggested to be a new enzyme.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 1990

The rate constants for the solvolysis of $trans-[Cr(en)_2Br_2]^+$ ion were determined by the spectrophotometric method in methanol-, ethanol-, acetone-, and acetonitrile-water mixtures, at 20, 25, 30, and 35$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The rate constants increased with increasing co-solvent compositions. The rate constant did not show any relation with the reciprocal of dielectric constant of the solvent-mixtures. The m values of Grunwald-Winstein equation for methanol-, ethanol-, acetonitrile-, and acetone-water mixtures are 0.109, 0.103, 0.101, and 0.095, respectively. A free energy cycle for the process from the initial state to the transition state in water and water + co-solvent mixtures shows that the change in solvation at the transition state has a dominant effect on the rate. From the above results, it is believed that the mechanism for the aquation of this complex is the Id mechanism.