• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.800-809
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different ratios of corn silage (CS): alfalfa hay (AH), and extruded soybeans (ESB) on milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and fatty acids in milk fat and plasma. Ninety multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a randomized block design experiment which lasted 14 weeks. Treatments were arranged as a $3{\times}3$ factorial with 0%, 5% or 10% ESB (dry matter basis) and three forage treatments: I) 30% CS, 10% AH and 10% Leymus chinense hay (LC); ii) 20% corn silage, 20% alfalfa hay and 10% LC; iii) 10% CS, 30% AH and 10% LC. Cows were allowed to consume a total mixed ration ad libitum. There was no change of dry matter intake when cows were fed the experimental diets. As more AH was added to the diets, milk yield, milk protein content and yield, and trans9, cis11-conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) concentrations in milk fat and plasma increased. When ESB were supplemented to the diets, milk yield, and trans9, cis11-CLA concentration in milk fat and plasma increased. When 10% ESB was added to the diet containing 30% AH the trans9, cis11-CLA content (1.46 g/100 g of total fatty acids) in milk was the highest among all treatments. These results suggests that AH could replace part of a CS diet and be a good forage source of diet for dairy cows to improve milk yield and milk composition. Meanwhile, ESB could be included in the diet with high AH to improve production performance of dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2013

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactation stage and individual performance on milk cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in dairy cows. In experiment 1, the milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA content from dairy cows in early ($0.33{\pm}0.014%$), middle ($0.37{\pm}0.010%$), and late stages ($0.44{\pm}0.020%$) showed significant differences (p<0.05); and the individual contents of the major fatty acids, especially cis-9, trans-11 CLA in cows of the same lactation were also variable. In the second experiment design as a validation test, our results once again showed that the individual contents of cis-9, trans-11 CLA were various, and a difference of about 2-fold (0.55% vs 0.95%) was observed, although the animals were offered same diet. These data demonstrated that lactation stage and individual performance have considerable effects on milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1504-1512
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• 2009

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of high-temperature-micro-time (HTMT) processing of diets containing extruded soybean (ESB) in high quantity on milk fat production, metabolic responses, and the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA). Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to either normal concentrate or HTMT treated diets containing ESB (7.5% HTMT-ESB and 15% HTMT-ESB). It was hypothesized that the HTMT-ESB would affect the undegradable fatty acids in the rumen and, thus, would modify the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Both 7.5% and 15% HTMT-ESB did not affect milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and solid-not-fat (SNF), but the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was significantly increased by these treatments. Content of TVA in milk fat was not affected by HTMT-ESB. The HTMT-ESB influenced the fatty acid profile in milk fat, but there was little difference between 7.5% and 15% of supplementation. HTMT-ESB feeding significantly decreased the concentration of plasma insulin and glucose, while plasma growth hormone (GH), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and HDLcholesterol were increased by 7.5% and 15% ESB-HTMT supplementation in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-cholesterol, insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1, T3, T4, and leptin concentrations among treatments (p>0.05). The present results showed that cis-9, trans-11 CLA production was increased by HTMT treatment of dietary ESB without reduction of milk fat, and the unchanged milk fat and yield was assumed to be associated with the constant level of thyroid hormones, leptin, and IGF-1.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.469-474
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• 1999

국내에서 자생하고 있는 헛개나무 잎과 과병의 각종 화학성분을 분석한 결과 일반성분 중 잎의 경우 조단백질, 과병의 경우 총당이 높게 나타났으며, 무기성분은 잎과 과병에서 K, Ca, Mg, Na 및 Mn 순으로 나타났다. 비타민 C 함량은 잎의 경우 4.8 mg%, 과병은 3.8 mg%로 나타났으며, 유리당은 잎에서 fructose가 1.31%, 과병에서는 sucrose가 8.83%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 유기산은 잎과 과병에서 malic acid가 각각 1,715 mg%와 439.18 mg%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 구성아미노산은 잎에서 glutamic acid가 497.99mg%, 과병에서는 proline이 751.78 mg%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 지방산은 잎의 경우 불포화지방산인 linolenicacid가 43.54%, 과병은 포화지방산인 palmitic acid가 23.15%로 높게 나타났으며, 향기성분은 잎에서 trans-geraniol이 124.36 ppm, 과병에서는 isobutyric acid가 292.67 ppm으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있었다.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2022

배경: 야생 망초에는 다양한 물질들이 존재하는 것으로 일부가 보고되었으나 전체적인 성분분석은 아직 미흡하다고 생각한다. 목적: 본 연구에서는 야생 망초에서 항산화 물질 및 다양한 영양성분에 대하여 추출조건을 설정하고 검색하는 것이 목적이었다. 방법: 망초 추출물을 다양하게 추출하여 다양한 분석기기를 활용하여 성분분석의 조건을 제시하고 분석하였다. 결과: 망초 추출물의 일반영양성분에서는 탄수화물이 46.4%, 조단백질 26.5%, 수분 16.3%, 조회분 9.5%, 조지방 1.2% 순이었다. 식용섬유 함량은 30.76%이었다. 유리당은 fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose가 분리되었고, fructose의 함량이 4,144.2 mg/100 g으로 높았다. 무기성분 분석에서는 K가 64.87 mg/g, P가 4.09 mg/g, Mg이 1.77 mg/g, Na이 나트륨이 0.16 mg/g이 확인되었다. 지방산은 모두 20종이 확인되었으며, 불포화지방산은 octadecenoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, linolenic acid 가 함유하였고, linolenic acid가 54.1%로 높았다. 포화지방산 함량은 0.39 g/100g 이었고, 트랜스지방산 함량은 0.01 g/100g이었다. 망초에서는 콜레스테롤은 확인하지 못하였다. riboflavin이 0.4 mg/100g, 필수 아미노산 6종과 24종의 아미노산을 확인하였다. 결론: 망초 추출물에는 다양한 영양성분과 기능성 성분이 존재하여 이를 이용한 자연치유적 활용성이 기대 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1262-1270
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil fatty acids (CaSO) and linseed oil fatty acids (CaLO) on c9,t11-CLA production in ruminal fluid and milk fat from Holstein dairy cows. Rumen fermentation, lactational performances and fatty acid profiles in ruminal fluid and milk fat were also investigated. Twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were allotted randomly into two groups consisting of ten cows in each group according to calving date and average milk yield. The first group of cows was fed a control (without calcium salts) diet and a treatment as 1.0% of CaSO (on DM basis) for 30 days in each period. In the second group, cows were fed the same control diet and 1.0% of CaLO as a treatment in the same manner. The forage: concentrate ratio was 52:48, and diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (DM basis) for both groups. Ruminal pH, protozoal numbers and the concentration of total volatile fatty acids were unchanged, however, the ruminal ammonia-N decreased by feeding CaSO or CaLO treatment compared to the control diet. The vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1; VA) in rumen fluid increased (p<0.01) by 169% and 153%, and the c9,t11-CLA content of rumen fluid increased (p<0.01) by 214% and 210% in the CaSO and CaLO treatments, respectively, compared to the control diet. In milk fatty acids, the VA content increased by 130% and 132% in the evening and morning milking times, respectively, and the c9,t11-CLA content increased by 125% in both milking times for the CaSO supplementation than that of control diet. In the case of CaLO supplementation, the VA increased by 117% and 114%, and the c9,t11-CLA increased by 96% and 94% in the evening and morning milking times, respectively, compared to the control diet. The contents of VA and c9,t11-CLA of milk fatty acids were numerically higher in the evening milking time compared to the morning milking time for control and both treatments. Finally, these results indicated that the supplementation of CaSO or CaLO treatment increased the VA and the c9,t11-CLA in both ruminal fluid and milk fat of Holstein dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1521-1530
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• 2009

A metabolic study was conducted with four ruminally-cannulated lactating goats (Saanen, 29 weeks lactation, 65${\pm}$5 kg) in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments. The goats were fed a basal mixed diet consisting of 80% concentrate and 20% chopped rye grass hay (DM basis, CON). The goats were also fed the CON diet supplemented with soybean oil at a 5% level of the concentrate (SO), the SO diet supplemented with 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate (SO-B) or the SO-B diet supplemented with 30 ppm monensin (SO-BM). The goats were housed in individual pen and the study was conducted for 8 weeks. An increased molar proportion of propionate (C3) was observed at 1 h (p<0.003) and 6 h (p<0.029) post-feeding from all the supplemented diets. Calculated methane emission was markedly decreased prior to morning feeding (p<0.01), and at 1 h (p<0.05) and 6 h post-feeding (p<0.05) in goats fed the supplemented diets. All the supplements increased (p<0.0001) cis9, trans11-CLA content in rumen fluid. Concentrations of both cis9, trans11-CLA (p<0.0001) and trans10, cis12-CLA (p<0.026) were also increased in the milk fat of lactating goats fed the supplemented diets. The SO-B and SO-BM diets further increased CLA content in goat milk compared to the SO diet. All supplements increased unsaturated (UFA, p<0.002), monounsaturated (MUFA, p<0.002) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p<0.014) and reduced SFA to UFA ratio (p<0.023). The concentration of MUFA was even greater (p<0.002) for SO-BM than for the SO-B diet. In conclusion, feeding soybean oil (5% of concentrate) to lactating goats was a useful way to improve milk fat and to improve fatty acid profile in the milk by increasing potentially healthy fatty acids such as CLA. Supplementation of sodium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate with monensin to the soybean oil-based diet increased CLA content further in goat milk. Supplementation of soybean oil may be an effective method to reduce methane emission in lactating goats.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.18-33
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• 2022

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and longchain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega-3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.255-259
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• 1983

개불지질의 성상을 밝힐 목적으로 그 지방산조성 및 sterols 조성에 대하여 분석 검토 하였는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 조지질과 부검화물함량은 각각 $1.9\%,\;14.3\%$였으며, 요오드값은 111이었다. (2) 조지질의 조성은 인지질이 $39.8\%$, 유리 sterols이 $27.7\%$, triglyceride가 $21.4\%$였다. (3) 지방산조성은 $C_{20:4}$가 $19.4\%$로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:1},\;C_{18:1}$이 각기 $13.7\%,\;11.3\%,\;10.4\%$였으며 또 polyene산 monene 산 및 포화산으로 계산하면 각각 $39.7\%,\;31.9\%$ 및 $26.6\%$였다. (4) 5종의 sterols이 검출되었는데 cholesterol이 $57.6\%$로 가장 많았고 다음이 brassicasterol이 $20.3\%$, 24-methylene cholesterol of $17.7\%$, 22-dehydro cholesterol of $3.0\%$, 22-trans-24-norcholesta-5,22-dien-3-${\beta}$-ol 이 $1.4\%$였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.703-712
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 우리나라 주요 식육인 한우육 10부위(안심살, 등심살, 채끝살, 목심살, 앞다리살, 부채살, 우둔살, 차돌박이, 아롱사태, 갈비살)와 돈육 10부위(안심살, 등심살, 목심살, 앞사태살, 항정살, 뒷사태살, 홍두깨살, 삼겹살, 갈매기살, 갈비살)의 지방 및 지방산 함량을 측정하여 부위에 따른 차이를 비교 평가함으로써 각종 부위별 지방 및 지방산 조성에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 한우육의 지방 함량은 5.25~35.94%로 우둔살이 가장 낮은 함량을, 차돌박이가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 포화지방산인 palmitic acid(C16:0)와 stearic acid(C18:0), 단일불포화지방산인 oleic acid(C18:1, n-9)가 주요 지방산인 것으로 확인되었으며, 특히 oleic acid가 지방산 중 가장 높은 함량을 차지하였다. 가장 유사한 지방 함량을 보인 부위는 등심살과 갈비살이었으나 지방산 함량에는 유의적인 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 채끝살에는 오메가-3 지방산인 linolenic acid(C18:3, n-3)가 100 g당 38.63 mg이, 갈비살에는 오메가-6 지방산인 linoleic acid(C18:2, n-6)가 100 g당 564.71 mg이 함유되어 있어 부위 중 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 채끝살, 부채살 및 갈비살에는 다른 부위에 검출되지 않은 arachidonic acid(C20:4, n-6)가 존재하였으며, 그 함량은 갈비살(2.50 mg/100 g)> 채끝살(1.33 mg/100 g)> 부채살(1.19 mg/100 g)의 순서로 확인되었다. 우둔살의 트랜스지방산 함량은 다른 부위에 비해 현저히 낮은 것으로 측정되었으며(P<0.05), 총 포화지방산에 대한 총 불포화지방산의 비율은 차돌박이($1.83{\pm}0.02$)가 가장 높고 앞다리살($1.03{\pm}0.00$)이 가장 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 돈육의 지방 함량은 4.16~18.47%로 삼겹살이 가장 높고 안심살이 가장 낮았으나 안심살, 등심살, 앞사태살, 뒷사태살, 홍두깨살의 지방 함량에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 주요 지방산은 palmitic acid와 stearic acid, oleic acid 및 linoleic acid로 그 함량은 oleic acid> palmitic acid> linoleic acid> stearic acid의 순서로 확인되었다. 삼겹살에는 다양한 지방산이 함유되어 있었으나 등심에는 검출되지 않은 지방산이 많았다. 그러나 미엘린의 생합성에 중요한 역할을 하는 nervonic acid(C24:1)는 오직 등심에서만 검출되었다. 삼겹살에는 다른 부위에 검출되지 않은 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA, C22:6, n-3)가 존재하였다. 돈육의 10부위 중 앞사태살과 뒷사태살, 홍두깨살은 지방 함량 및 지방산 조성이 가장 유사하였으며, 같은 앞다리라도 앞사태살과 항정살의 지방산 함량에는 현저한 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 돈육의 총 트랜스 지방산 함량은 삼겹살(143.58 mg/100 g)> 항정살(127.86 mg/100 g)> 목심살(101.36 mg/100 g)> 갈비살(94.91 mg/100 g)> 갈매기살(86.68 mg/100 g)> 안심살(29.57 mg/100 g)> 뒷사태살(27.97 mg/100 g)> 홍두깨살(27.49 mg/100 g)> 앞사태살(25.98 mg/100 g)> 등심살(15.45 mg/100 g)의 순서로 확인되었으며, 총 포화지방산에 대한 총 불포화지방산의 비율은 뒷사태살이 2.01로 가장 높고 갈매기살이 1.28로 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과 한우육과 돈육 각 10부위에 대한 지방 및 지방산 함량은 부위에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이는 것으로 조사되었으며, 이러한 결과는 부위별 지방 및 지방산 함량과 조성의 표준화된 데이터베이스의 구축을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.