• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish a management plan for urban forest trails with analysis of trail damage types and soil physicochemical properties on 3 urban forest parks in Jinju, Gyeongnam-do. We found that soil hardness was significantly higher in forest trails than forest area at 0 cm and 5 cm at a significance level of 0.05. However, we could not find any significant differences for other soil properties. For the trail damage types, the most common types were as follows: trail expansion (66%), trail erosion (59%), side road (57%), and trail boundary erosion and root exposure (41%). The results showed no difference in most of these types between the trails and forest area, indicating that the forest area might be damaged as well as the trails. Priority should be given to prepare measures that prevent soil compaction from overcrowded hikers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.367-377
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the deterioration of trail conditions and to obtain information for desirable maintenance and restoration of a trail in Deogyusan National Park. The physical characteristics of a trail were surveyed at a total of 412 sites over 79.8 km length. The average trail degree and width were found to be 14.31° and 1.60 m, respectively, while the average bare trail width was 1.40 m and the average maxim trail depth was 5.66 cm. Major deterioration types of trail were trail deepening (36.6%), rock exposure (33.9%), and root exposure (12.5%) in order of frequency. Deterioration classes of the trail were 0.626 km (0.8%), 3.110 km (3.9%) and 8.935 km (11.2%) for heavily, moderately, and lightly deteriorated, respectively, with a deterioration rate of 12.671 km (15.9%). Compared to other national parks, the ratio damaged trail to the total trail was 15.9%, which is slightly higher than other, including Jirisan National Park 9.6% (2019), Bukhansan National Park 13.6% (2019), Sokrisan National Park 11.7% (2019), Chiaksan National Park 12.3% (2015), and Woraksan National Park 10.5% (2015). The section of trail in Deokyusan National Park where the damage grade is analyzed as "Heavy" should therefore be restored in consideration of the field conditions. In particular, the damage status of the trail is expected to be greatly improved when the trail surface maintenance level is restored.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.923-933
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• 2012

The purpose of this study targeting Choansan(Mt.) Neighborhood Park in Seoul of South Korea, whose level of visitation and use pressure has been recently increasingly high, was to understand distribution and damage status of forest trail and accordingly, set up direction of how to improve forest trail in urban area. With regards to current damage on forest trail in Choansan(Mt.) Neighborhood Park, the damaged trail with road width of over 2m and with erosion depth of over 30cm amounted to 20.3% and 36.3% respectively. And the trail section with bare land erosion, root exposure or rock exposure and the section whose impact rating class exceeded IV occupied 47.0% and 70.6%, indicating the forest trail was severely damaged. The severely injured trail route mainly included the main forest trail formed along the main ridge, the byroad connected to the main forest trail and the steep forest trail in low-lying area. Based on the study results, five types of restoration of forest trail in Choansan(Mt.) Neighborhood Park were offered, including prevention of forest trail extension, stabilization of forest trail base, maintenance of forest trail surface, vegetation restoration after closing forest trail and maintenance. Ecological restoration was additionally offered. The prevention of forest trail extension was planned to prevent expanded width of forest trail where bare land was exposed. The stabilization of forest trail base was planned to prevent erosion in the forest trail and exposure of roots. The maintenance of forest trail surface was planned in a way to protect the severely damaged forest trail surface by using wood deck and wood stairs and surfacing the road.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.50-65
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• 1988

Trail and campground deteriorations and their environmental changes of soil and vegetation were studied in Guryong district of Mt. Chiak National Park in 1988. The Widths of both the entire trail and the bare portion as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. and regressions showed the significant positive relationship between slope along the trail and maximum depth of the trail($R^2$=0.35). Deterioration types of trail which had higher frequency for a total of 63 observations were rock exposure(48%), trail deepening(29%) and root exposure(27%) in the high order. And occurence of trail deterioration was considerably influenced by slope along the trail Ecological changes of soil and vegetation of trailsides were not found at a uniform tendency but could be grouped, by the types of user's disturbance. On campsites. tree damage types and their frequencies were basic as a means of which grasp the limits of user's impact. The area with damaged trees on campsite in pine forest were larger than that in mixed forest and the frequency by damage type of trees varied according to the distance from the core of campsite and to the crown layer. Water content, pH and hardness of soil. coverage of lower trees, species and individuals per 100$m^2$, basal areas of upper and middle layer of trees had significant relationship with the distance from campsite to forest. The range influenced by user's disturbance was more than 70-80m, md Staphylea bumalda, Morns bombycis, Stephanandra incisa and Securinega suffruticosa were considered as tolerant species to user's impact.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.264-272
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• 2012

For understanding the tourists' characteristics of several types of ecotourism sites, we surveyed and analyzed the demographic characteristics, travel motivations and cognition of damage in Bukhansan trail, Upo marshes, Jirisan trail and Uljin Keumgang pine tree trail. The field survey were conducted through face-to-face interviews. In the case of Bukhansan trail, many people came to build up their health, so the ratio of eco-tourists and the awareness of environmental damage was low. In Upo marshes, there were many group tourists who want to enhance friendship between the colleagues. And the ratio of eco-tourists, enjoying several activities such as observation or experience about the ecosystems of wetland and bird watching appeared high, but the cognition of tourists about the damage of natural environment was low because the flatland type tour site, Upo marshes has less damage factors comparing with mountain type tour sites. In Jirisan trail, eco-tourists, nature tourists and mass tourists appeared mixed and the cognition of damage was higher than that of flatland type. In the case of Uljin Keumgang pine tree trail, almost indices showed higher values than other sites because the tourists who visited there have high cognition of eco-tourism and nature conservation by limiting entrance. Tourists were generally accepted positively the control method such as collection of entrance fee and visitor reservation system when natural damages are expected.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.21-34
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• 1990

Trail and campground deteriorations and their environmental changes of soil and vegetation were studied in Tonghwa -Sa district of Mt. Palgong Natural Park through 1988 into 1989. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The bare width of trail as one of the trail condition factor was significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Deterioration types of trail which had higher frequency for a total of 45 observations were rock exposure(42%), trail deepening(40%) and root exposure(18%) in the high order. And also sound type on which the trail was not deteriorated at all amounted to 33% of all observations. 2. Ecological changes of soil and vegatation of trailsides were not found at a uniform tendency except that soil hardness was slightly decreased from trail edge to the forest, but they could be grouped by the type of user\`s behavior and site conditions. Use impacts on the natural environment of trailside in Mt. Palgong are still far from the severe harmulness. 3. Worse damages to compground condition were appeared in Bawi-gol than Susu-gol campsite. Types of mechanically damaged trees were tree with exposed root(63% ), scared tree(43% ), mutilated tree(30 % ) and felled tree in highly frequent order. And diameter increments of trees in campsites were oppressed by the campers. 4. Tree damage types and their frequencies could be basic as a means of which grasp the bounds of user's impacts. User's disturbance on campsite extended to the distance of 70∼90m from the core of campsite at Pawi-gol and 20∼30m at Susu-gol respectively. As the tolerant trees to use impact, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Rhus trichocarpa, Acer palmatum, Rubus crataegifolius and Celastrus orbiculatus were considered.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1405-1415
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• 2015

This study is conducted to determine the damage, distinguish the types and identify the restoration by that type for 13 Korea national parks out of 21. There are 21 Korea national parks are in Korea covering 6.67% of the country or $6,656km^2$ ($3,902km^2$ on land and $2,754km^2$ in the sea) currently since the area around Jirisan ($440km^2$) was designated as the first Korea national parks in 1967. With the cancellation of entrance admission on Korea national parks since 2007, annual visitors to the Korea national parks have grown from 37 millions in 2008 to 46 millions by 2013 and continue to grow due to numerous leisure activities, alpine activities and social changes. As such, Korea national parks are natural resource with high value to be conserved and are attracting significant attention as recreational spaces for people at the same time. On the other hand, there have been issues of soil erosions or disturbed vegetation due to increased number of visitor to the national parks. Korea national parks area damage to its type and damage characteristics to analyse the 13 Korea national parks out of 21 on July 2012 March, Korea national parks over the subjects of the National Park from damaged area status Survey analysis by the Korea National Park Service. As a result, 203 million units in the 16 Korea national parks damaged land of the reform package during ecological trail (including non-regular hiking trails) 153 (77.66%), damaged valleys 20(9.14%) independent damaged area, 13 disconnected ecological axis(7.61%), closed trail(2.03%) (3.55%), and line type damage(like a non-regular hiking trails) appears to be a high ratio. Korea national parks damaged land of the results identified, by contrast ratio and the annual number of visitors Bukhansan national park(49.26%), Gyeongju national park(23.65%) damaged land rates, such as Seorasan national park(4.93%), Songnisan national park (4.43 %), Gyeryongsan national park(3.45%), and the annual number of visitors be similar result. The National Park Service has been reporting on damages and restorations but damages and their types have not been established yet. Damages have been generally studied and categorized on hiking trails due caused by heavy traffic on them but the reports were limited on hiking trails only. Since damage to the Korea national parks are not limited on the hiking trails, it is necessary to determine damages in various aspects. Thus, in this study, damage types, spatial characteristics, causes and restorations are analyzed based on the survey results of damages to national parks in order to provide a basis for the efficient management and operation of the Korea national parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.478-485
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• 2018

The study was carried out to select natural environmental factors that affect damage to hiking paths and to provide directions for facility management of hiking paths by a logistic regression analysis. The study sites is a total of 123 sample sites that located in the Baekdudaegan Guropo-Gisaengnyeong hiking trails. The variables used in the analysis model included mountain trail damage, forest type, herb of soil and crown density obtained through a field survey and included slope, soil and rock exposure obtained through FGIS. A logistic regression analysis of 43 sites and 80 undeveloped sites, 4 elements were selected for slope, herb of soil, soil and rock exposure. The slope and the herb of soil were positively correlated and the exposure of rock was negative. Soil has shown a positive correlation with its low missile and high sand ratio Saturn. Therefore, the management of the mountain hiking paths facilities should be established and restored considering the slope, herb of soil, soil and rock exposure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

In order to calculate the ecological carrying capacity of Donggung and Wolji, Gyeongju, the number and time for various activities of tourists were surveyed and then the injury tolerance on lawns was predicted with seven types of various activities. According to the injury tolerance in various activities for the suitable carrying capacity, the normal carrying capacity and the limited carrying capacity were explicitly determined in four lawns. According to the number and time for various activities, the injury tolerance of various activities was predicted in four lawns, and the highest average injury tolerance was 2.15 in walking, the lowest average injury tolerance was 0.05 in lying. The highest injury tolerance was 1.31 in lawn 4, and then the order was 0.97 in lawn 3, 0.91 in lawn1, and 0.70 in lawn 2. The ecological carrying capacity was predicted with a damaged area according to the injury tolerance of various activities. The suitable carrying capacity was done separately to 40 persons, 249 persons, 107 persons, 37 persons, the limited carrying capacity was 116, 713, 306, 107 respectively and the normal carrying capacity was 75, 463, 198, 69 in four lawns. When managed in Donggung and Wolji, Gyeongju, the number of tourists was under the limited carrying capacity, the conformation would grow better.