• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.228-239
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• 1999

In 1990 Home Care Education Programs started when legislation established certification for Home Care Nurses. The Ministry of Health and Welfare proposed a home care education curriculum which has 352 class hours and 248 hours of 'family nursing and practice'. Though Home Care Education Programs have been offered in 11 home care educational institutes, there has been no formal revision for the home care education programs. Also a first and second home care demonstration projects have been carried out, but there has been no research on outcomes for home care education as applied in home care practice. The purposes of this study were to identify the important content areas for home care nursing as perceived by home care nurses, and to identify their clinical competence in each of these areas, and from these to identify the education needs. The sample was 107 home care nurses who were working in home care demonstration hospitals and community-based institutions which have been offering home care services. Responses were received from 88 nurses, comprising a 82.2% return rate, and 86 were included in the final analysis. The instrument used was a modification of the instrument developed by Caie-Lawrence et(1995) and Moon's(1991) instrument on home care knowledge. The instrument's Cronbach's coefficient was 0.982. Among the respondents, 64% were working at home care demonstration hospitals and 36% were working at community-based institutions. Their home care experiences were from one month to six years, with a mean of 20.6 months. The importance rating for home care education content was 3.42 0.325, which means importance was rated relatively high. Technical aspects of home care were identified the most important. Five items 'education skill', 'counseling skill', 'interview skill', 'wound care skill', 'bed sore care skill' received 100% importance ratings. The competency rating was 2.87 0.367 and 'technical aspects of home care' was the highest, and 'application to home care skill' was the lowest. Home care nurses' education needs were identified and compared to the importance ratings and competency ratings. Eleven items were identified as the highest in the importance areas and eleven items were in the lowest competency areas. High importance ratings matched with low competency ratings determined training needs, but there was no matching items in this study. In the lowest competency areas four items were excluded, because of not being applicable in current home care practice. Therefore total eighteen items were identified as home care education needs. These items are 'bed sore care skill', 'malpractice', 'wound care skill', 'general infection control', 'change and management of tracheostomy tubes', 'CVA patient care', 'Hospice care', 'pain management', 'urinary catheterization and management', 'L-tube insertion and managements', 'Respirator use and management skill', 'infant care', 'prevention to burnout', 'child assessment', 'CAPD', 'infant assessment', 'computer literacy', and 'psychiatry patient care'.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권4호
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• pp.214-233
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• 2016

There is no well-stated practical guideline for mechanically ventilated patients with or without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We generate strong (1) and weak (2) grade of recommendations based on high (A), moderate (B) and low (C) grade in the quality of evidence. In patients with ARDS, we recommend low tidal volume ventilation (1A) and prone position if it is not contraindicated (1B) to reduce their mortality. However, we did not support high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (1B) and inhaled nitric oxide (1A) as a standard treatment. We also suggest high positive end-expiratory pressure (2B), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue therapy (2C), and neuromuscular blockage for 48 hours after starting mechanical ventilation (2B). The application of recruitment maneuver may reduce mortality (2B), however, the use of systemic steroids cannot reduce mortality (2B). In mechanically ventilated patients, we recommend light sedation (1B) and low tidal volume even without ARDS (1B) and suggest lung protective ventilation strategy during the operation to lower the incidence of lung complications including ARDS (2B). Early tracheostomy in mechanically ventilated patients can be performed only in limited patients (2A). In conclusion, of 12 recommendations, nine were in the management of ARDS, and three for mechanically ventilated patients.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

Purpose: Chest injuries in multiple trauma patients are major predisposing factor for increased length of stay in intensive care unit, prolonged mechanical ventilator, and respiratory complications such as pneumonia. The aim of this study is the evaluation of lung injury score as a risk factor for prolonged management in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Between June to August in 2011, 46 patients admitted to shock and trauma center in our hospital and 24 patients had associated chest damage without traumatic brain injury. Retrospectively, we calculated injury severity score (ISS), lung injury score, and the number of fractured ribs and performed nonparametric correlation analysis with length of stay in ICU and mechanical ventilator support. Results: Calculated lung injury score(<48 hours) was median 1(0-3) and ISS was median 30(8-38) in study population. They had median 2(0-14) fractured ribs. There were 2 bilateral fractures and 2 flail chest. Ventilator support was needed in 11(45.8%) of them for median 39 hours(6-166). The ISS of ventilator support group was median 34(24-34) and lung injury score was median 1.7(1.3-2.5). Tracheostomy was performed in one patient and it was only complicated case and ICU stay days was median 9(4-16). In correlation analysis, Lung injury score and ISS were significant with the length of stay in ICU but the number of fractured ribs and lung injury score were predicting factors for prolonged mechanical ventilator support. Conclusion: Lung injury score could be a possible prognostic factor for the prediction of increased length of stay in ICU and need for mechanical ventilator support.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 1975

In spite of great advances in surgical treatment during past several decades, surgery of the trachea failed to develop correspondingly, partly because of relative rarity of the tracheal lesions and partly because of difficulties in surgical technique and anesthesia. Surgical diseases of the trachea are largely obstructions due to neoplasm or cicatrical stenosis and tracheal malacia. The present treatment of respiratory failure, using cuffed endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, has produced, apparently with increasing frequency, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalized tracheal erosion. Surgery is presently the only reasonable way to treat stenotic lesions of the tracheobronchial tree. In the case of tumors, the current trend has been that of radical excision. Primary end-to--end reconstruction of the trachea has been generally recognized as the ideal method of repair following resection. However, for decades it was believed that a maximum of four tracheal rings only might be excised and primary healing achieved with safety. A great variety of procedures, developed by numerous investigations and directed at tracheal substitution, have almost invariably met with discouraging results. A meticulous study done by Grillo and associates on autopsy specimens has shown that an average 6.4cm of mediastinal trachea can be safely resected by full mobilization of the right lung and transplantation of the left main bronchus into the bronchus intermedius. Recently, we experienced a case of successful resection of a tumor of the tracheal carina and primary tracheo-left main bronchial anastomosis at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, the National Medical Center in Seoul. The patient, a 29-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital with complaints of dyspnea and cough. On admission, chest film showed hydropneumothorax on the right. After closed thoracostomy, hydropneumothorax disappeared, but hazy densities, developed in the right middle and lower lung fields, resisted to treatment. Bronchoscopy uncovered irregular tumor covering the carina and the right main bronchus, and biopsy indicated well differentiated squamous Cell carcinoma. Operation was performed on July 2, 1975. A right postero-lateral thoracotomy was used. Excision involved the lower trachea, the carina, the left main bronchus and the right lung. This was followed by direct anastomosis between the trachea and the left main bronchus. Bronchography was done on 17th postoperative day revealed good result of operation without stricture at the site ofanastomosis. About one month after the operation symptoms and signs of bronchial irritation with dyspnea developed, and these responded to respiratory care. On 82nd postoperative day, sudden dyspnea developed at night and the patient expired several hours later. Autopsy was not done and the cause of death was uncertain.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.211-223
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• 2014

본 연구는 일반 병동으로 전실 예정된 중환자실 환자 가족을 대상으로 중환자실 환자 가족의 부담감에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하기 위해 시도된 서술적 횡단조사연구이다. 연구대상은 C시에 소재한 일 대학병원 중환자실에서 일정기간 집중치료를 받고 신체상태가 안정적으로 회복되어 일반병동으로 전실 예정된 환자의 가족 중 연구대상자 선정기준에 적합한 101명이 연구 분석대상에 포함되었다. 자료수집 기간은 2010년 8월부터 11월까지였으며, SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 자료 분석을 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 중환자실 환자 가족의 객관적 부담감은 전실 시 환자의 의식수준, 환자 몸에 부착된 기계장치의 수, 기관절개관 여부에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 환자 가족의 주관적 부담감의 경우 환자의 성별, 환자의 교육수준, 환자와의 관계 항목에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 중환자실 환자 가족의 전실불안은 객관적 주관적 부담감과 통계적으로 유의하게 순상관관계를 보였고, 본 연구의 주요 결과인 회귀분석에서 환자 가족의 부담감 영향요인으로 객관적 부담감의 경우 전실불안이, 주관적 부담감은 환자 성별과 전실불안이 통계적으로 유의한 독립변인으로 제시되었고, 각각의 설명력은 12.7%와 23.8%로 나타났다. 본 연구결과, 일반 병동으로 전실 예정된 환자 가족의 전실불안이 환자 가족의 객관적, 주관적 부담감을 증가시키는 요인으로 나타나, 향후 본 연구결과를 토대로 중환자실 퇴실 환자와 그 가족을 대상으로 각 대상자의 요구도를 반영한 맞춤형 전실교육을 통해 환자가족의 부담감을 적극적으로 낮출 수 있는 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.12-17
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• 2011

Purpose: A rib fracture secondary to blunt thoracic trauma continues to be an important injury with significant complications. Unfortunately, there are no definite treatment guidelines for severe multiple rib fractures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the result of early operative stabilization and to find the risk factors of surgical fixation in patients with bilateral multiple rib fractures or flail segments. Methods: From December 2005 to December 2008, the medical records of all patients who underwent operative stabilization of ribs for severe multiple rib fractures were reviewed. We investigated patients' demographics, preoperative comorbidities, underlying lung disease, chest trauma, other associated injuries, number of surgical rib fixation, combined operations, perioperative ventilator support, and postoperative complications to find the factors affecting the mortality after surgical treatment. Results: The mean age of the 96 patients who underwent surgical stabilization for bilateral multiple rib fractures or flail segments was 56.7 years (range: 22 to 82 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 3.6:1. Among the 96 patients, 16 patients (16.7%) underwent reoperation under general or epidural anesthesia due to remaining fracture with severe displacement. The surgical mortality of severe multiple rib fractures was 8.3% (8/96), 7 of those 8 patients (87.5%) dying from acute respiratory distress syndrome or sepsis. And the other one patient expired from acute myocardial infarction. The risk factors affecting mortality were liver cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, concomitant severe head or abdominal injuries, perioperative ventilator care, postoperative bleeding or pneumonia, and tracheostomy. However, age, number of fractured ribs, lung parenchymal injury, pulmonary contusion and combined operations were not significantly related to mortality. Conclusion: In the present study, surgical fixation of ribs could be carried out as a first-line therapeutic option for bilateral rib fractures or flail segments without significant complications if the risk factors associated with mortality were carefully considered. Furthermore, with a view of restoring pulmonary function, as well as chest wall configuration, early operative stabilization of the ribs is more helpful than conventional treatment for patients with severe multiple rib fractures.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.60-72
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• 1995

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis is the movemental obstacle of mandible which depend on proliferation of bony or fibrous tissue in temporomandibular joint structure by various causes. In order to treat this, various surgical methods have been performed, but no operative methods have been produced consistently successful results. This research has been performed to the patients who had been operated due to temporomandibular joint ankylosis by studying classification, cause, onset, duration, anesthesia and treatment method, symptom, change of mouth opening, complication through medical record, X-ray, follow-up for being a help to proper selection of treatment method and evaluation of prognosis. The author obtained the following results by analyzing 44 cases among patients who had been operated due to temporomandibular joint ankylosis during 8 year hospitalization from 1986 to 1993 in Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery of Seoul National University Hospital. 1. The occurrence was in the order of below 10, 20's, 10's, 30's. The average of occurrence was 12.95. Illness period was 50.0% within 10 years and 50% beyond 10 years. The average period of illness was 13.33 years. 2. Trauma occupied 54.5% of causes and inflammation occupied 45.5%. Men had more occurrences due to trauma and there was no difference in case of inflammation. 3. In nasotracheal intubations for general anesthesia, the cases of using fiberoptic laryngoscope occupied 40.9%, direct or blind nasotracheal intubation occupied 40.9% and the cases of using tracheostomy occupied 18.2%. 4. In operative approaching methods, submandibular & preauricular approach were mainly applied, and in operative methods, high condylectomy(Group I) occupied 11.4%, arthroplasty without interpositional material following condylectomy or gap ostectomy(Group II) occupied 11.4%, with interpositional material following high condylectomy (Group III) occupied 40.9%, and using condylar reconstruction following condylectomy or gap ostectomy(Group IV) occupied 36.6%. 5. In change of mouth opening reformed after surgery, Group III showed the best result of average 23.5mm, Group IV showed 16.3mm, Group I showed 14.9mm and Group II showed 10.2mm of reformation. Summarizing the results as written above, it is considered that early treatment is important as soon as possible in Temporomandibular joint ankylosis. It is recommended in surgical method what can lead to postoperative early movement maintaining anatomaical & functional form, and then the development of various surgical methods will be requested.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.375-380
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• 2002

배경: 개심술후 발생하는 흉골감염은 심각한 합병증일 뿐만 아니라 술후 사망률을 높이는 한 요인이 된다. 저자들은 1999년 7월 집중치료실 및 수술장 이전을 계기로 이를 전후로한 환자들의 흉골감염 발생현황을 비교 분석함으로써 집중치료실 및 수술장 개선이 흉골감염에 미치는 영향을 알고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 집중치료실 및 수술장 이전 시점을 전후로 하여 1997년 1월 1일부터 1998년 12월 31일까지 개심술을 시행받은 환자 237명을 Group I으로, 2000년 1월 1일부터 2001년 7월 31일까지 개심술을 시행받은 환자 216명을 Group II로 분류하여 총 453명을 대상으로 하였다. 만 15세 이상의 성인 환자에서 정중흉골절개술 및 심폐바이패스를 시행한 경우만을 포함하였고 흉골감염 이외의 원인으로 사망한 예는 포함하지 않았다. 결과: 흉골감염은 GroupI에서 18례(8.0%), Group II에서 1례(0.49%) 발생하였다. 흉골감염에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려진 위험인자 중에서 응급수술여부, 심폐바이패스시간, 수술시간, 수혈량, 기관절개술유무, 재수술여부 등이 유의한 연관성이 있었으며, 이들을 대상으로 시행한 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 집중치료실과 수술장의 이전이 흉골감염에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.(p=0.029, 95% 신뢰구간 0.011∼0.788). 결론: 개심술후 흉골감염에 영향을 주는 여러 인자들이 알려져 있지만 집중치료실 및 수술장의 개선이 흉골감염의 발생을 줄일 수 있는 하나의 방법으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.795-798
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• 2005

기관 삽관 후에 발생한 기관 협착에 대한 근본적 치료는 기관 부분 절제 및 단단 문합이다. 기관 협착에 대한 성공적이지 못한 교정으로 인해 발생하는 기관의 재협착에 대한 수술 치료는 쉽지 않다. 재수술이 실패할 경우 환자는 평생 기관절개 상태 및 목소리 소실을 안고 살아야 한다. 첫 번째 수술이 실패했을 경우 염증반응, 부종, 섬유화가 해소될 때까지 약 $4\~6$개월을 기다린 후 재수술을 시행해야 한다 환자의 상태에 대한 정확한 평가가 필요하며 일단 재수술의 후보자로 선정되면 재수술의 성공률은 $90\%$ 이상이다. 저자들은 기관 삽관으로 인해 발생한 기관 협착에 대해 성공적이지 못한 교정 후 발생한 기관의 재협착 2예에 대한 치험을 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2013

Purpose: A flail chest is one of most challenging problems for trauma surgeons. It is usually accompanied by significant underlying pulmonary parenchymal injuries and mayled to a life-threatening thoracic injury. In this study, we evaluated the treatment result for a flail chest to determine the effect of trauma localization on morbidity and mortality. Methods: Between 2004 and 2011, 46 patients(29 males/17 females) were treated for a flail chest. The patients were divided into two group based on the location of the trauma in the chest wall; Group I contained patients with an anterior flail chest due to a bilateral costochondral separation (n=27) and Group II contained patients with a single-side posterolateral flail chest due to a segmental rib fracture (n=19). The location of the trauma in the chest wall, other injuries, mechanical ventilation support, prognosis and ISS (injury severity score) were retrospectively examined in the two groups. Results: Mechanical ventilation support was given in 38 patients(82.6%), and 7 of these 38 patients required a subsequent tracheostomy. The mean ISS for all 46 patients was $19.08{\pm}10.57$. Between the two groups, there was a significant difference in mean ventilator time (p<0.048), but no significant difference in either trauma-related morbidity (p=0.369) or mortality (p=0.189). Conclusion: An anterior flail chest frequently affects the two underlying lung parenchyma and can cause a bilateral lung contusion, a hemopneumothorax and lung hemorrhage. Thus, it needs longer ventilator care than a lateral flail chest does and is more frequently associated with pulmonary complications with poor outcome than a lateral flail chest is. In a severe trauma patient with a flail chest, especially an anterior flail chest, we must pay more attention to the pulmonary care strategy and the bronchial toilet.