• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

To know the structural difference between the ray parenchyma and ray tracheid among Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi, an observation was carried out under the FE-SEM. The longest ray parenchyma and ray tracheid were found in Pinus koraiensis species while the shortest ray tracheid and ray parenchyma were found in Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi. Larix kaempferi had more than one endwall pit in its ray parenchyma. Pinus densiflora was found highest in the pit aperture diameter in ray tracheid and aperture diameter in the cross-field pit. The pit border width in ray tracheid and lumen diameter of ray parenchyma were found highest in Pinus rigida. The cell wall thickness of ray parenchyma and pit aperture diameter in endwall pit of ray tracheid were found highest in Pinus koraiensis compared to other species.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.109-114
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• 2006

An investigation was carried out for the annual ring width, longitudinal tracheid diameter and wall thickness in different tree heights for Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et. Zucc. The annual ring width increased along with the tree height, however the tracheid diameter and wall thickness decreased with the tree height. Tracheid wall thickness was found the thickest at 2.0m from the above ground samples and it increased gradually from pith to bark. Radial tracheid diameter was found to be larger than that of tangential tracheid diameter in earlywood. But, it was found to be the opposite in latewood. In earlywood, the average values of tracheid wall thickness was found the range of $2.1-3.0{\mu}m$, whereas, in latewood, it was $2.4-4.2{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.60-63
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• 1993

In the present paper, we discribed distributions patterns of pits on the tracheids of Pinus koraiensis. The number of bordered pits on a tracheid is more numerous than that of cross-field pittings. And they appeared different in the number depending on the shape and size of tracheids. Both pit and cross-field pitting on a tracheid is fewer in number near the pith. The number of bordered pits on the tracheid increased rapidly from pith toward cambial zone but that of cross-field pittings increased gradually. The number of bordered pit and corss-field pitting is more frequent in the first-formed tracheid, and the number of bordered pit decreased rapidly from earlywood to latewood but that of corss-field pittings decreased gradually. Bordered pits on a tracheid are more numerous at the end of tracheids and cross-field pittings occur more frequently in the center part of a tracheid.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 1993

Pinus koraiensis is one of the most important reforestation species which had widely been planted around the country. Therefore, there are great research needs on the fundamental properties of wood to extend the frequency of uses and adequate availabilities. Research results on the characteristics of anatomical wood properties and changes are summarized as follows: 1. At a horizontal direction of tree trunk, the tracheid length at outer wood gradually becomes shorter as it reaches to pith. The tracheid length having between 32 and 42 annual rings showed over 2.5 times longer than that of pith, and also its length increases from the bottom to the top of the stem. 2. The tracheid diameters in latewood showed a little fluctuations, and the shortest near to the pith in earlywood. The tracheid diameters in earlywood are more than 2 times those of latewood, and the differences between the mature and juvenile wood in earlywood are less than 10${\mu}m$. 3. The tracheid wall thickness in early wood showed a little fluctuations. On the contrary, tracheid wall thickness in latewood rapidly increases from the pith to the bark. The tracheid wall of mature wood showed 10 to 20% thicker than that of juvenile wood. 4. The fibril angle at the secondary walls of tracheid within an annual ring showed higher degree in earlywood than that of latewood. The highest tracheid fibril angle was observed at around the pith of both earlywood and latewood. Then, fibril angle slowly decreased toward outer wood, and was stabilized after 15 years. 5. Structural boundaries between mature and juvenile wood from Pinus koraiensis are divided by 13 to 19 annual ring and distance of 5 to 8cm from the pith.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 1997

This study was carried out to find the relationship between anatomical characters and compression strength parallel to grain of Pinus densiflora S. et. Z., the representative conifer species in Korea. The results were as follows ; 1. The compression strength parallel to grain increased with the increase of tracheid length and wall thickness. The strength, however, decreased with the increase of height of uniseriate ray and microfibril angle. 2. The major factors affecting compression strength parallel to grain in heartwood were radial diameter of latewood tracheid and wall thickness of earlywood tracheid but length and tangential diameter of latewood tracheid were the important factors in sapwood.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2011

Larix kaempferi is a tree with a major economic impact and is processed in large quantity every year in Korea. This study was carried out to collect basic data for the reasonable use of Larix kaempferi and to investigate the relation between anatomical properties and modulus of rupture (MOR) for heartwood and sapwood. As the length of earlywood tracheid and the radial wall thickness of earlywood tracheid and latewood tracheid increased, the modulus of rupture (MOR) increased, but decreased with increasing microfibril angle. Statistical analysis by the stepwise regression technique shows that the main factors affecting the modulus of rupture (MOR) of heartwood are the microfibril angle and the radial wall thickness of latewood tracheid, while those affecting MOR of sapwood are the length of earlywood tracheid and the microfibril angle.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 1986

Anatomical characteristics of the secondary xylem in the roots and the stems of genus Pinus including nine species growing naturally in Korea have been studied to elucidate the structural differences between two organs. The results, comparing the root woods with the stem woods, are as follows; The transition from the early-wood to the late-wood occurs more gradually in the root woods. In the root woods, the bordered pits on the radial wall of tracheid are frequent in the two rows. The spiral thickening on the radial and tangential wall of the tracheid can be seen in the only stem woods of four species such as P. koraiensis, P. rigida, P. rigitaeda and P. banksiana. In the majority of the species studied, the length of the tracheid is longer in the root woods, but in some species such as P. strobus, P. densiflora, P. rigida and P. sylvestris, this length is almost sam ein both organs. The diameter of the tracheid in the root woods is wider. The wall thickness of the tracheid in the early wood is thicker in the root woods, but vice versa in the late woods. More rays per unit area can be seen in the root woods.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.42-49
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• 1988

Anatomical characteristics on abnormal type of bisected compression woods and light colored wood intervened between these dark colored compression woods on under part and their respective opposite woods on upper parts of cross section in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stem were compared through optical microscopic investigation. and the obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. Tracheid length increased linearly as the number of rings from the pith increases in all investigated parts, but increasing tendency in tracheid length was similar within bisected two compression woods and their opposite woods. 2. Tracheids were the shortest in bisected two compression woods and tracheid length in intervened wood between these two compression woods was longer than in compression woods but shorter than in the opposite woods. 3. Bisected two compression woods and intervened wood between these two compression woods revealed similar features in tracheid transition from springwood to summerwood, intercellular space, tracheid entanglement, and cross sectional view of tracheid. but spiral check was observed only in these two compression woods, therefore the intervened wood between these two compression woods disclosed anatomical characteristics similar to, not typical of, compression woods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2000

Effects of the simulated acid rain on the growth response and the structural features were studied with the 3 month old seedlings of G. biloba and P. thunbergii treated with acid rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.2, and 2.4. The diameter and area of tracheid cells in the transectioned stem of G. biloba decreased with acidity of simulated acid rain. The wall thickness of tracheid cells was the thinest at pH 2.4, but there was no different at other levels of pH. Increasing of the acidity, the height of tracheid cells were reduced steadily. The diameter and area of tracheid cells of the transectioned root reduced with decreasing pH of acid rain, but those at pH 3.2 were larger than those at control. The wall thickness and height of tracheid cells of root were gradually decreased with acidity of acid rain. The size variation of the fusiform cambial initials in the stem of G. biloba sections tangentially showed a shortening tendency with treatment of acid rain. The length of ray initials was the shortest at pH 2.4 and reduced with decreasing pH of acid rain. The diameter, area, wall thickness, and height of the tracheid cells in P. thunbergii stem and root decreased with decreasing pH of acid rain. The areas of the pith, cortex, and xylem in P. thunbergii treated with acid rain decreased, but the cortex and pith areas increased significantly after exposure to acid rain of pH 3.2 compared with control.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 1998

Tracheid length, microfibril angle, and compression strength were examined in south and north sides of Pinus koraiensis. The sample tree was 57 years old and had been planted in central Korea. Tracheid length on the south side of the tree ranged from 2.87 to 3.40mm and on the north ranged from 3.60 to 3.53mm and mean values were 3.15 mm for the south and 3.26mm for the north. Tracheid length was 0.11 mm longer on the north side than on the south. Microfibril angle on the south side ranged from $12.6^{\circ}$ to $20.3^{\circ}$ and that on the north from $6.8^{\circ}$ to $13.5^{\circ}$; mean values were $16.6^{\circ}$ on the south side and $9.6^{\circ}$ on the north. Microfibril angle was $7.0^{\circ}$ greater on the south side than on the north side. For compression strength on the south and north sides, significant difference at the 95% level was found only at l.3m above the ground level of the sample tree; for compression limit stress, significant difference at this level was found at 1.3 and 5.3m above the ground level. However, compression strength and compression limit stress were greater on the north side than on the south side.