• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2019

국가해양생태계종합조사의 일환으로 2015년부터 2017년까지 3년간 강화남단, 가로림만, 증도, 순천만 등 한반도 4개 대표 갯벌에서 시계열 변화에 따른 퇴적환경 및 유 무기 오염현황을 조사하였다. 조사시기 및 지역별 퇴적물의 평균입도는 강화남단 $5.0-5.3{\varnothing}$, 가로림만 $4.5-4.8{\varnothing}$, 증도 $6.1-6.5{\varnothing}$, 순천만 $8.6-8.7{\varnothing}$이었다. 전반적으로 강화남단에서 순천만으로 남하함에 따라 입도가 조립해지는 경향을 나타내었고, 순천만에서 가장 세립한 경향을 보였다. 조사시기별로 강화남단과 증도의 경우 2015년보다 2017년에 평균입도가 보다 세립화되는 경향을 나타내었다. 강열감량은 2015년 순천만에서 15.5%로 다른 지역에 비해 상대적으로 높았으나 2016년 8.3%, 2017년 7.0%로 시간의 경과에 따라 점차 감소되었다. 미량금속 농도는 증도와 순천만의 일부정점에서 Zn와 As가 주의기준(TEL)을 초과하였으나 기타 금속의 경우 오염농도 이하의 범위로 분석되어 오염의 개연성이 나타나지 않았다. 연구지역내 퇴적물중 평균입도와 미량금속 농도 사이의 관계를 살펴본 결과, 증도의 경우 수은을 제외한 모든 미량금속과 강열감량이 평균입도와 정의 상관성(r=0.40-0.88, P < 0.05)을 보였다. 반면 순천만의 경우, 입도와 미량금속은 유의한 상관성이 없는 것으로 파악되었으며, 강열감량과 미량금속 간에 음의 상관성(p < 0.05)을 나타내었다. 퇴적물의 미량금속 오염을 평가하기 위하여 농집지수 $I_{geo}$를 계산한 결과, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg에 대해서는 1보다 작은 범위로 오염되지 않았고, As의 경우 순천만과 증도의 일부정점에서 약간 오염된 수준에 해당되었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.339-347
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• 2023

본 연구는 TOC/TN-IRMS를 이용하여 총 유기탄소 및 총 질소 안정동위원소 분석법을 연구하였으며, 수환경 중저농도 시료에서도 분석이 가능하게 시스템을 구축하였다. 수생태계로 유입되는 다양한 유기탄소 기원을 파악하기 위하여 형광지표와 δ¹³C-DOC 안정동위원소비를 활용한다면 효율적인 수질 관리를 위한 해석기능을 제공할 것이며, 추후 유역 오염원의 대표값(end member)의 지속적인 조사를 통하여 자료구축이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.180-185
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• 2017

광산 활동에 의해 오염된 농경지의 복원은 개량제 처리와 복토를 기반의 미량원소 안정화 기법으로 진행되고 있다. 최근 복원된 부지 중 경사 농경지에서 토양 유실 문제가 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 4종의 개량제 (벤토나이트, 석회, 유기물, 제강슬래그)를 다양한 비율로 단일 또는 복합처리 한 후 입단 형성의 효율을 평가했다. 복토재는 점토함량이 다른 3가지 토양 (A 토양=9.4%, B토양=14.7%, C 토양=21.2%)을 대상으로 했다. 단일처리 결과, A 토양은 유기물 5%, B와 C 토양은 석회 5%가 각 토양의 대조구에 비해 입단 형성이 가장 효과적이었다. 9가지 복합처리구 중에서 A 토양은 유기물 3% + 석회 1%, B와 C 토양은 유기물 1% + 석회 3% 처리구의 입단 형성이 가장 높았다 (A 토양=30.4%, B 토양=25.0%, C 토양=36.5%). 현장처리를 위해 각 복토재 (A 토양=0.045, B 토양=0.051, C 토양=0.054)와 국내 농경지의 평균 (0.032) 토양침식인자 차이만큼을 개량제에 의한 목표 입단 형성량으로 설정하였다(29.1% 입단형성). 비용편익을 고려한 최적 개량제 선정한 결과 A와 B 토양은 석회 3%, C 토양은 석회 5%가 가장 적합 했으며, 이를 통한 경사진 복원된 경사 농경지에서 토양 유실을 효과적이고 경제적으로 저감할 것으로 예측된다. 본 연구에서 석회 처리에 의한 토양 알칼리도 상승은 고려하지 않았다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.469-477
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• 1994

Many researchers have investigated most representative sequential extraction method using various reagents for determining the chemical forms of metals in soils and sediments. In this paper, a newly modified method for sequential extraction scheme based on Tessier's method by Environmental Geochemistry Research, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College, was introduced and examined. In comparison with Tessier's method, originally designed for sediment analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), the sequential extraction scheme has been developed for the multi-element analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The partitioning of particulate trace elements was classified into five fractions: (i) exchangeable, (ii) bound to carbonates or specially adsorbed, (iii) bound to Fe and Mn oxides, (iv) bound to organic matter and sulphides and (v) residuals. The experimental results of the pilot study for in-house reference material (HRM2) and certified international standard reference material (SRM2711) using the modified method showed not only reasonable precision and accuracy but also acceptable overall recovery rates. In addition, mine dump soils sampled in the Dalsung Cu-W mine, Korea were prepared and sequentially extracted using the method. Most of Cu was bound to organic matter/sulphides and residual fractions. The dominant fraction of soil Pb and Zn in the study area was found in the residuals. The fraction of Cd showed a wide variation between samples and could be found bound to the carbonates or specially adsorbed, oxides, organic fraction and residuals. The recovery rates of Cd, however, were poor due to relatively low Cd concentrations in soils. The heavy metals in these mine dumps appear to be in the more inert forms and should not be readily bioavailable. The soils, however, had very low pH values (average 4.1) and had sandy textures; consequently, rapid infiltration of rainfall may increase leaching of Zn and Cd which were found to be around 5 to 10% of the exchangeable fraction. As a result of the investigation of this study, it has been strongly recommended that these mine waste materials should still be considered a significant contaminant source and will need environmental remediation to prevent pollutants from being released into the environment.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2004

Effects of elevated $CO_2$ on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and syn­thesize results from studies assessing impacts of elevated $CO_2$ on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated $CO_2$ in atmosphere may enhance certain micro­bial processes such as $CH_4$ emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. How­ever, responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of $CO_2$ fumigation systems are not fully understood.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.579-582
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• 1989

Previous experiments have shown that aqueous sodium silicate ingested in drinking water may modify the gastrointestinal uptake and(or) tissue retention of certain trace elements, including heavy metals. The present experiment tested, with a mineral balance trial using sheep, the hypothesis that dietary silicic acid could modify uptake, retention and(or) biological effects of dietary Cd. Twenty-four wethers were fed a fibrous diet of ground alfalfa hay and cottonseed hulls to which either 0 or 150 ppm Cd was added as $CdCl_2$ and 0, .5 or 1% silicic acid (as dry matter of the diet). Body weight, feed intake, excretion of urine (volume) and feces (weight), digestibility of dry and organic matter, retention of nitrogen, and packed cell volumes of blood were not affected by either Cd or silicic acid (P<.10). Cadmium decreased (P<.05) Ca retention and increased (P<.01) Mg retention. Silicic acid decreased (P<.05) K retention. Silicic acid failed (P<.01) to modify the retention of added dietary Cd. Body retention of K, Mn and Ni in response to silicic acid varied with Cd levels. If Cd is interfering with mineral retention, silicic acid may be effective in preventing this interference.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.519-534
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• 2019

여름철 인공호수(간월호, 부남호)로 부터의 담수방류시 천수만 수질(영양염, 유기물, 미량금속)에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 2011년 6, 7, 8, 10월에 평상시와 담수방류 시기 각 2회씩의 해수를 채취하였다. 담수가 방류되면 용존 무기 질소(DIN)의 농도가 만내의 모든 수층에서 약 3-4배 증가하였고, 평상시 암모니아성 질소(NH₄⁺-N)가 우세하다가 담수방류시 질산성 질소(NO₃^--N)가 우세하였다. 용존 무기인(DIP)의 경우 내만 표층에서 절반으로 감소하였고 저층에서는 1.5배 증가하였으며 규산염(Si(OH)₄)은 내만 저층에서 2배 증가하는 모습을 보였다. Redfield ratio는 담수 방류시 인 제한 환경으로 바뀌었다. 용존 유기 탄소(DOC) 및 질소(DON)는 약 2배 증가하였고, 입자상 유기 탄소(POC), 질소(PON), 인(POP) 및 생물기원 규소(Bio-SiO₂)는 내만 표층에서 약 2배 이상 증가했다. 용존 금속(Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)은 내만의 표층에서 증가하였으나, 용존 Cd의 경우 만의 표층에서 절반으로 감소하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 볼 때 영양염, 유기물 및 금속 농도가 높은 인공호수의 물이 만으로 유입되면, 천수만 내의 영양염 및 용존 유기물, 금속농도가 증가하고, 식물플랑크톤 대증식이 발생하여 표층에서 산소 과포화, 저층에서 빈산소를 발생시킨다. 빈산소와 함께 내만의 저층에서는 매우 높은 농도의 영양염(DIN, DIP, Si(OH)₄) 농도가 존재하였다. 수질 평가 지수값을 통해 천수만의 부영양화 정도를 평가한 결과, 평상시에는 3등급 이하로 나타나다가 방류시 5등급으로 바뀌게 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.252-262
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate dietary supplemental trace mineral source and deletion on mineral content in tissues. Methods: Weanling crossbred pigs (n = 144; 72 barrows and 72 gilts; body weight [BW] = $7.4{\pm}1.05kg$) were used. A basal diet was prepared, and trace mineral premix containing either inorganic (ITM) or organic (OTM) trace minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) was added to the basal diet. Pigs were blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to 24 pens for a total of 6 pigs per pen, and fed a diet containing either ITM or OTM supplemented at the 1998 NRC requirement estimates for each of 5 BW phases (Phase I to V) from 7 to 120 kg. The trace mineral supplementation was deleted for 6, 4, 2, and 0 wk of Phase V; regarding nutrient adequacy during this phase, the indigenous dietary Fe and Mn was sufficient, Cu was marginal and Zn was deficient. Results: At the end of Phase IV, Mn content (mg/kg on the dry matter basis) was greater (p<0.05) in heart (0.77 vs 0.68), kidney (6.32 vs 5.87), liver (9.46 vs 8.30), and longissimus dorsi (LD; 0.30 vs 0.23) of pigs fed OTM. The pigs fed OTM were greater (p<0.05) in LD Cu (2.12 vs 1.89) and Fe (21.75 vs 19.40) and metacarpal bone Zn (141.86 vs 130.05). At the end of Phase V, increased length of deletion period (from 0 to 6 wk) resulted in a decrease (linear, p<0.01) in liver Zn (196.5 to 121.8), metacarpal bone Zn (146.6 to 86.2) and an increase (linear, p<0.01) in heart Mn (0.70 to 1.08), liver Mn (7.74 to 12.96), and kidney Mn (5.58 to 7.56). The only mineral source by deletion period interaction (p<0.05) was observed in LD Zn. Conclusion: The results demonstrated differential effects of mineral deletion on tissue mineral content depending on both mineral assessed and source of the mineral.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.603-610
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• 2008

A mathematical model was developed to understand how the presence of plants affects vertical profiles of electron acceptors, their reduced species, and trace metals in the wetland sediments. The model accounted for biodegradation of organic matter utilizing sequential electron acceptors and subsequent chemical reactions using stoichiometric relationship. These biogeochemical reactions were affected by the combined effects of oxygen release and evapotranspiration driven by wetland plants. The measured data showed that $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations increased at the beginning of the growing season and then gradually decreased. Based on the measured data, it was hypothesized that the limitation of the solid phase sulfide in direct contact with the roots may result in the gradual decrease of $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations. With the dynamic formulation for the limitation of the solid phase sulfide, model simulated time variable sulfate profiles using published model parameters. Oxygen release from roots produced divalent metal species (i.e. $Cd^{2+}$) as well as oxidized sulfur species (i.e. $SO_4{^{2-}}$) in the sediment pore water. Evapotranspiration-induced advection increased flux of divalent metal species from the overlying water column into the rhizosphere. The increased divalent metal species were converted to the metal sulfide with sufficient FeS around the rhizosphere, which contributed to the decrease of bioavailability and toxicity of divalent metal activity in the pore water. Since the divalent metal activity is a good predictor of the metal bioavailability, this model with a proper simulation of solid phase sulfide plays an essential role to predict the dynamics of trace metals in the wetland sediments.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2013

Carbon cycling and productivity within Weno Island of Micronesia enclosed by the coral reef may be likely self-maintained and insignificantly affected by the open ocean. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the mangrove known as providing the organic matter and habitats for many organisms in this enclosed area. In order to trace the nutritional source of fauna (mostly invertebrates) in the mangrove forest of Weno island, we analyzed the fatty acid (FA) and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of potential nutritional sources (mangrove leaf & pneumatophore, seagrass leaf & root, surface sediment, and particulate organic matter (POM) in water) and consumers (4 gastropods and anomura). The mangrove and seagrass contained the abundance of 18:2${\omega}$6, and 18:3${\omega}$3, whereas FAs associated with phytoplankton and bacteria were accounted for a high proportion in the surface sediment and POM. FA composition of consumers was found to be similar to those of the surface sediment, mangrove, and seagrass. These were also confirmed through the mixing model of stable isotope for contribution of nutritional sources to consumers. Overall results with the feeding types of investigated mangrove fauna indicate that investigated mangrove fauna obtained their nutrition from the various sources, i.e. the mangrove for Littorina cf. scabra, the microalgae for Strombus sp., and omnivorous Pagurus sp. and Terebralia cf. palustris. However, it is obvious that the nutrition of most species living in the mangrove ecosystem is highly dependent on the mangrove, either directly or indirectly. More detail food-web structure and function of the mangrove ecosystem would be established with the analysis of additional fauna and flora.