• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.479-483
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• 2018

Our group reported the thermal decomposition of R-22 ($CHClF_2$) refrigerants by nitrogen thermal plasma in previous studies. However, it was proposed that the wastewater generated from the end part of the process contains high concentration of fluoride ion which is a component of R-22. The additional post-treatment process to neutralize the $F^-$ ions in the wastewater was investigated in this study. The wastewater generated through the decomposition of R-22 with the same procedure in the previous work was treated using the neutralizer, $Ca(OH)_2$, and the atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) independently as a post-treatment process. Wastewater samples were collected directly after the treatment for ion-chromatography analysis to trace the change of the concentration of $F^-$ ion in the wastewater. The fluoride concentration in the wastewater showed the highest value when the single water was used as a neutralizer, and the concentration of fluoride in the wastewater was dramatically reduced when the post-treatments were performed.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2009

It is known that the natural amethyst is changed to citrine after heat treatment. However, when all amethyst samples from Zambia were heat-treated in the temperature range of $350{\sim}380^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, the result was that five out of eight samples were changed to citrine and all the rest of samples became rock crystal quartz. These differences in the color appearance seem to be influenced by the original colors contained in the amethyst before the heat treatment. The amethyst containing yellow color changed to citrine and the amethyst without containing yellow color changed to rock crystal quartz after the heat treatment. The results compared after the instrumental analysis on the difference of color change, it showed the differences of peak intensity in 3,400 $cm^{-1}$ and the existence and non-existence of peak at the range of 5,200${\sim}$5,400 $cm^{-1}$ in FTIR. It revealed the difference in the quantity of Cr which is a trace element in the WD-XRF analysis. The identical result in the FTIR spectra before and after the heat treatment reveals that the heat treatment did not cause any change in the main composing elements or crystal structure.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.48-54
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• 2014

For the element ${\alpha}{\in}GF(p^n)$, two kinds of bases are known. One is a conventional polynomial basis of the form $\{1,{\alpha},{\alpha}^2,{\cdots},{\alpha}^{n-1}\}$, and the other is a normal basis of the form $\{{\alpha},{\alpha}^p,{\alpha}^{p^2},{\cdots},{\alpha}^{p^{n-1}}\}$. In this paper we consider the method of generating normal bases which construct the finite field $GF(p^n)$, as an n-dimensional extension of the finite field GF(p). And we analyze the code sequence generating algorithm and derive the implementation functions of code sequence generator based on the normal bases. We find the normal polynomials of degrees, n=5 and n=7, which can generate normal bases respectively, design, and construct the code sequence generators based on these normal bases. Finally, we produce two code sequence groups(n=5, n=7) by using Simulink, and analyze the characteristics of the autocorrelation function, $R_{i,i}(\tau)$, and crosscorrelation function, $R_{i,j}(\tau)$, $i{\neq}j$ between two different code sequences. Based on these results, we confirm that the analysis of generating algorithms and the design and implementation of the code sequence generators based on normal bases are correct.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.261-277
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• 2013

This study aims to research the relationship between whitewares and their rare materials from the site of Yanggu and Bunwon through the componential characteristic of the excavated whitewares from the 1st and the 2nd kilns of Chiljeon-ri in Bangsan-myeon, Yanggu-gun. As a result, the sherds were devided according to the chemical compositions of the body and the glaze via their respective production era. However, it considered that the whitewares from Chiljeon-ri had been manufactured with geochemically similar materials and the production process, such as refining and combining materials, had been different. It assumed that the firing temperatures of the whitewares from Chiljeon-ri were around $1,100-1,200^{\circ}C$ and substantially lower than for general whitewares. In the componential analysis, there were disparate properties in the cobalt pigment, which contained trace elements and rare earth elements. A review of the literature revealed a correlation between the whitewares from the late Chosun kiln site in Bunwon-ri and the raw materials from Yanggu-gun, but this was there were various techniques for refining and combining materials in Bunwon-ri.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.771-781
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• 1997

In order to select an effective and appropriate evaluation method for the marine environmental protection and management, it is necessary to evaluate the present status of environmental conditions and to monitor and regulate the harzadous waste continuously. Among the evaluation methods that use benthic fauna, some graphical methods and biological index methods such as species abundance-biomass (SAB), Rank-frequency diagram (RFD), Abundance-Biomass comparison (ABC), log-normal distribution (LND), and Benthic Pollution Index (BPI) modified by Infaunal Trophic Index were used for the assessments of marine environment in the Inchon coastal area. Even though the graphic methods are convenient for easy glimpse of general trend of environmental condition but because they require sufficient ecological data, those methods do not fit for analysis or comparison of regional and detailed environmental condition. On the other hand, when BPI was applied, it was able to compare the spatial benthic conditions. Through considering the functional aspects of benthic fauna which can not be obtained in the cluster analysis, BPI was made it possible to measure or trace down the source of pollution. In the case of the environmental assessment result analyzed in Inchon coastal area, the north eastern part of Yongjongdo was more influenced by the pollution than the outer area of Inchon. The research indicates that especially Inchon harbor has been greatly affected.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.284-294
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• 2010

In this study, river water-based reference materials (RMs), NIER-I08RW and NIER-I09, for trace metal analysis were prepared and certified for Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu with evaluation of uncertainties. The RMs were confirmed to be homogeneous enough to be used as proficiency testing materials since within-bottle homogenieties of the RMs were lower than 0.3 times of targeted standard deviation of proficiency testing. The RMs were distributed to environmental testing laboratories for the proficiency testing and the variation of Z scores of the proficiency testing results were compared for different assigned values. The relative bias, $B_{relative}$, deviations between reference values and consensus values, were lower than ${\pm}$1 except for cadmium of NIERI08RW. The results showed both values were in a good agreement and only 2.9% of Z scores changed by using a different assigned values such as consensus and reference values.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2012

The human exposure of lead has usually detected the amount of lead in the whole blood, however, this method has a shortcoming to give the information on the short-term exposure to lead. In that sense, it is desirable to estimates the level of lead in plasma to draw the chronic bio-marker of lead exposure even though it is difficult to measure lead of several ng/L. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was developed for determining lead in plasma as the chronic bio-marker of lead of workers. To minimize the contamination of lead from the environment, we constructed class 1,000 clean room and compared the amount of floating dust before and after the operation of the clean room. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of lead in fetal bovine serum were 4.3 ng/L and 12.2 ng/L by NIOSH method (statistical calculation method) and 7.0 ng/L and 22.1 ng/L by signal/noise ratio, respectively. The accuracy was in a range of 92.3-101.3%, and the precision of the assay was less than 4% in the samples spiked in the concentration of 20 ng/L and 2,000 ng/L. The method was simple, reproducible and sensitive enough to permit reliable analysis of lead to the ng/L level in plasma and/or serum. The method was also useful for the biological monitoring of chronic exposure to lead.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.357-363
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• 2014

Isoprene is a one of the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and it is known as a source of the tropospheric ozone and formaldehyde. In addition, isoprene is a trace component of the exhaled breath and it is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of diseases such as lung cancer. In these regards, isoprene gas standards are required for the accurate measurement of isoprene in air samples. To establish a standard for isoprene gas, gravimetric preparation and characterization of primary gas standards were studied. The primary gas standards were produced independently in 4 aluminum cylinders and concentrations were examined by GC-FID. As a result, the uncertainty of the gravimetric preparations including purity of the raw material was 0.01% and reproducibility of the preparation of independent 4 cylinders was 0.08%. The primary gas standards for isoprene showed 14 months of long-term stability. The relative expended uncertainty of 2.8% (95% of confidence level, k=1.96) was assigned to the certified value of 10 ${\mu}mol$/mol level of isoprene based on the quantitative evaluation of the purity, weighing, reproducibility, adsorption and long-term stability.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.123-150
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• 2016

There has been discussed very little about animation authorship studies, especially the themes of authors and their original animation texts since 1990s. This study is to explore the academic discourse of animation authorship studies understanding the media aesthetics of animation and the scholarly approach of animation studies about authorship. This article examines 55 articles via meta analysis about animation authorship studies drawn from the 1,516 articles on the general animation studies. The results were as follows. First, the domestic animation studies on the authorship were made about animators of Japan, US, and european countries. Second, It was dominant that scholarly interest on the screen direction and visual expression of animation texts. This shows the authorship approaches were mainly about visual aspects of animations. The domestic animation authorship studies did not trace the authorship issues on author's world view and visual style revealed in the corpus of texts. Instead, they discussed authorship issues on the characteristics of individual animation text. It has been evident that animation studies were not enthusiastic about building the independent theory on animation. Therefore, animation studies have tried theorizing the animation issues borrowing the literature and film theories. This study can contribute to increase phase of animation studies by drawing the intensive discussion of animation authors and their authorship.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.143-152
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• 1987

The digital data were obtained using Kennedy 9000 magnetic tape deck which was connected to the SMS960 side scan sonar during the field operations. The data of three consecutive survey tracks near Seongsan-po, Cheju were used for the development of this study. The softwares were mainly written in Fortran-77 using VAX 11/780 MINI-COMPUTER (CPU Memory; 4MB). The established mapping system consists of the pretreatment and the digital processing of seafloor image data. The pretreatment was necessary because the raw digital data format of the field magnetic tapes was not compatible to the VAX system. Therefore the raw data were read by the personal computer using the Assembler language and the data format was converted to IBM compatible, and next data were communicated to the VAX system. The digital processing includes geometrical correction for slant range, statistical analysis and cartography of the seafloor image. The sound speed in the water column was assumed 1,500 m/sec for the slant range correction and the moving average method was used for the signal trace smoothing. Histograms and cumulative curves were established for the statistical analysis, that was purposed to classify the backscattering strength from the sea-bottom. The seafloor image was displayed on the color screen of the TEKTRONIX 4113B terminal. According to the brief interpretation of the result image map, rocky and sedimentary bottoms were very well discriminated. Also it was shown that the backscattered acoustic pressurecorrelateswith the grain size and sorting of surface sediments.