• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 1998

The acute and subacute toxicity of New Wonbangwoohwangchungsimwon (NSCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk were investigated in S.D. rats. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, rats were injected intraperitoneally with five dosages of 0, 500, 710, 1,000, 1,410 and 2,000 mg/kg. Body weights were significantly decreased at 500 and 710 mg/kg dose group in male and abnormal autopsy findings were founded in both sexes at all dose. Intraperitoneal $LD_{50}$ of NSCH was 1,088.3 mg/kg in male and 1159.3 mg/kg in female rats. In the subacute toxicity study, NSCH was administrated orally to both sexes of rats for 4 weeks as several doses(0, 320, 800, and 2,000 mg/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemical analysis, and other findings. Above data strongly suggest that no observed adverse effect level of NSCH might be over 2,000 mg/kg/day in this study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 1998

The acute and subacute toxicity of New Woohwangchungsimwon(NWCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk were investigated in S.D. rats. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test. rats(Sprague-Dawley, SPF) were injected intraperitoneally with dosages of 0, 540, 750, 1,070, 1.500 and 3,000 mg/kg. Body weights were significantly decreased at 540 mg/kg dose group in both sexes and abnormal autopsy findings were founded in both sexes at all treated groups. Intraperitoneal $LD_{50}$ of NWCH was 812.3 mg/kg in male and 872.3 mg/kg in female rats. In the subacute toxicity study, NWCH was administrated orally to both sexes of rats for 4 weeks as several doses(0, 320, 800 and 2, 000 mg/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemical analysis, and other findings. Above data strongly suggest that no observed adverse effect level of NWCH might be over 2,000 mg/kg/day in this study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.273-283
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• 1998

Single and 4 weeks oral administration of New wonbangwoohwangchungsimwon (NSCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material qf musk, to beagle dogs of both sexes were per-formed to investigate both acute and subacute toxicity. Beagle dogs (3 males and 3 females) in acute experiments were administered orally with single dose of 2,000 mg/kg and groups of 9 male and 9 female beagle dogs in subacute experiments were given daily different dosage of NSCH, 160 mg/kg/day (low dosage group), 400 mg/kg/day (middle dosage group), 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dosage group) once a day for 4 weeks by oral route according to the Established Regulation of Korea Food and Drug Ad-ministration (l996. 4. 16). $LD_{50}$ value for beagle dogs was more than 2,000 mg/kg per oral for both male and females. In animals administered with NSCH, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical sign, urinalysis, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weight and other fingings. No histological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Above data strongly suggset that NSCH in beagle dogs is considered to be safe.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.249-260
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• 1998

Single and 4 weeks oral administration of New Woohwangchungsimwon (NWCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk, to beagle dogs of both sexes were performed to investigate both acute and subacute toxicity. Beagle dogs(3 males and 3 females) in acute experiments were administered orally with single dose of 2,000 mg/kg and groups of 9 male and 9 female beagle dogs in subacute experiments were given daily different dosage of NWCH, 160 mg/kg/day (low dosage group), 400 mg/kg/day (middle dosage group), 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dosage group) once a day for 4 weeks by oral route according to the Established Regulation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (1996. 4. 16). $LD_{50}$/ value for beagle dogs was more than 2,000 mg/kg per oral for both male and fe-males. In animals administered with NWCH, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical sign, urinalysis, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weight and other fingings. No histological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Above data strongly suggset that NWCH in beagle dogs is considered to be safe.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2008

A large amount of $2.1{\times}10^6m^3$ of polluted sediment was dredged from the Masan Bay and deposited in Gapo confined area, Masan, Korea. The six representative sediments were obtained and analyzed for issue components. The data was discussed with the species of benthos and their distribution. It was judged that toxicological effects of sediment analyzed ranged from ERL to ERM with copper and zinc, and ERL with cadmium, chrome, lead and nickel by the Adverse Biological Effects. The dredging index (DI) of sediments stabilized for 10 years since dumping the confined site was calculated and compared with the DI values of dredged sediment itself. DI values decreased from 0.67 to $0.07{\sim}0.18$, which reflects DI value less than 0.2 is good for benthos in the sediment by the natural recovery of dredged materials. The ecological recovery was confirmed in this confined area as a habitat of benthic organisms.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2007

The endocrine disrupting chemical, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride products ubiquitous in our daily lives. DEHP has potentially adverse effects on the liver, kidney, lung, heart, reproductive organs and endocrine systems. Many toxicological data on the DEHP toxicity have been stated, but complete protein profiles have not yet been reported. In this study, DEHP-induced oxidative DNA damage in rat lymphocyte was evaluated by Comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) for the first time. Moreover, DEHP-induced protein profile alterations were examined in rat liver by using toxicoproteomic tools. 34 protein spots in the liver were identified to be significantly deregulated by DEHP on the 2-dimensional gel. Among them, 20 spots were up-regulated and 14 spots down-regulated by DEHP.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.127-131
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• 1995

Sequential changes in cell proliferation during the development of epitherial kidney tumors induced in rats were investigated by autoradiographic determination of the $^3H$-thymidine-labeling index. Renal cell tumors were induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by oral administration of N-nitrosomorpholine at the concentration of 120 mg/l in the drinking water for 7 weeks. At different times between 12 and 34 weeks after withdrawal of the carcinogen (stop model) animals were sacrificed. According to cytological criteria, neoplastic lesions were classified into clear cell, acidophilic cell, basophilic cell and oncocytic tumors. The labeling index was found to be increased in all types of preneoplastic tubules as compared to their corresponding original tubules. A much stronger elevation of cell proliferation was ocurred during the development of renal cell tumors from preneoplastic tubules. Of four tumor types, acidophilic cell tumor showed the highest labeling index while oncocytoma exhibited the lowest proliferative activity. These findings are in good accordance with the clinical observations that acidophilic cell tumors have a worse prognosis than oncocytoma. The data presented in this study suggest that the individual proliferation rates may be an objective biological marker of kidney tumor aggressiveness.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1995

Cyclophosphamide (CP) must be enzymatically activated by cytochrome P450(CYP)-linked mixed-function oxidation pathway to be either mutagenic or teratogenic. Influences of alterations in hepatic mixed-function oxidase acitivity and glutathione (GSH) content on the embryotoxicity of CP were studied in rat whole embryo culture system. The embryotoxicity of CP was compared using rat S-9 fraction (S-9) pretreated with chemicals inducing different CYP isozymes, acetone (ACE), Aroclor 1254 (ARO), $\beta$-naphthoflavone (NAF) and phenobarbital (PHE). When 10.5 day embryos were cultured in the immediately centrifuged rat serum for 48 hrs using general gas char{ging schedule, CP$(40{\mu}g/ml)$ with S-9 induced by either NAF or PHE increased the incidence of realformations and significantly decreased embryonic growth compared with the non-induced S-9 group. ACE or ARO induced S-9 group showed no significant difference in embryonic growth. These data suggest that PB and/or NAF inducible CYP isoenzymes are mainly involved in the activation of CP. To examine the effect of GSH on the embryotoxicity of CP, 10.5 day embryos were exposed to CP and S-9 after preincubation with 10 mM of GSH for 3 hrs. In the GSH pretreated group the growth of embryos increased significantly compared with that of the untreated group, suggesting that GSH may protect embryos in culture from some toxic effects of CP.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2013

Cyanogenic glycosides are HCN-producing phytotoxins; HCN is a powerful and a rapidly acting poison. It is not difficult to find plants containing these compounds in the food supply and/or in medicinal herb collections. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of total cyanide in nine genera (Dolichos, Ginkgo, Hordeum, Linum, Phaseolus, Prunus, Phyllostachys, Phytolacca, and Portulaca) of edible plants and the effect of the processing on cyanide concentration. Total cyanide content was measured by ion chromatography following acid hydrolysis and distillation. Kernels of Prunus genus are used medicinally, but they possess the highest level of total cyanide of up to 2259.81 $CN^-$/g dry weight. Trace amounts of cyanogenic compounds were detected in foodstuffs such as mungbeans and bamboo shoots. Currently, except for the WHO guideline for cassava, there is no global standard for the allowed amount of cyanogenic compounds in foodstuffs. However, our data emphasize the need for the guidelines if plants containing cyanogenic glycosidesare to be developed as dietary supplements.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2013

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a very powerful instrument that can be used to analyze a wide range of materials such as proteins, peptides, DNA, drugs, and polymers. The process typically involves either chemical or electron (impact) ionization of the analyte. The resulting charged species or fragment is subsequently identified by the detector. Usually, single mass uses source-induced dissociation (SID), whereas mass/mass uses collision-induced dissociation (CID) to analyze the chemical fragmentations Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. While CID is most effective for the analysis of pure substances, multiple-step MS is a powerful technique to get structural data. Analysis of veterinary drugs ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline serves to highlight the slight differences between SID and CID. For example, minor differences were observed between ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline via SID or CID. However, distinct fragmentation patterns were observed for ampicllin depending on the analysis method. Both SID and CID showed similar fragmentation spectra but different signal intensities for chloramphenicol. There are several factors that can influence the fragmentation spectra, such as the collision energy, major precursor ion, electrospray mode (positive or negative), and sample homogeneity. Therefore, one must select a fragmentation method on an empirical and case-by-case basis.