• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2013

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2004

Benzoyl peroxide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 1,371 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. The substance is mainly used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. In this study, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) are used for getting adequate information on the physical -chemical properties of this chemical. And hydrolysis in water, acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms for benzoyl peroxide were studied. The physical -chemical properties of benzoyl peroxide were estimated as followed; vapor pressure=0.00929 Pa, Log $K_{ow}$ = 3.43, Henry's Law constant=3.54${\times}$10$^{-6}$ atm-㎥/mole at $25^{\circ}C$, the half-life of photodegradation=3 days and bioconcentration factor (BCF)=92. Hydrolysis half-life of benzoyl peroxide in water was 5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$ and according to the structure of this substance hydrolysis product was expected to benzoic acid. Benzoyl peroxide has toxic effects on the aquatic organisms. 72 hr-Er $C_{50}$ (growth rate) for algae was 0.44 mg/1.,48 hr-E $C_{50}$ for daphnia was 0.07mg/L and the 96hr-L $C_{50}$ of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24mg/L. Acute toxicity to terrestrial organisms (earth worm) of benzoyl peroxide was low (14 day-L $C_{50}$ = > 1,000 mg/kg). Although benzoyl peroxide is high toxic to aquatic organisms, the substance if not bioaccumulated because of the rapid removal by hydrolysis (half-life=5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$) and biodegradation (83% by BOD after 21 days). The toxicity observed is assumed to be due to benzoyl peroxide rather than benzoic acid, which shows much lower toxicity to aquatic organisms. One can assume that effects occur before hydrolysis takes place. From the acute toxicity value of algae, daphnia and fish, an assessment factor of 100 was used to determine the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The PNEC was calculated to be 0.7$\mu\textrm{g}$/L based on the 48 hr-E $C_{50}$ daphnia (0.07 mg/L). The substance shows high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms and some information indicates wide-dispersive ore of this substance. So this substance is, a candidate for further work, even if it hydrolysis rapidly and has a low bioaccumulation potential. This could lead to local concern for the aquatic environment and therefore environmental exposure assessment is recommended.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2009

옥타클로르스티렌은 환경중에서 잔류성이 높고 분해되지 않아 고농도로 축적될 뿐만아니라독성이 매우 높은물질군을 일컫는 PBTs(Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances) 화합물로서 분류된다. 본 연구에서는 PBTs 화합물군에 속하는 옥타클로르스티렌과 그 이성체를 대상으로 환경위해성평가의 기초자료를 만들기 위하여 환경생물인 조류, 물벼룩 및 어류 등 먹이연쇄상의 생물종에 대해 급성독성시험을 통해 반수영향농도($EC_{50}$, Effective Concentration), 반수치사농도($LC_{50}$, Lethal Concentration), 최대무영향농도(NOEC, No Observed Effect Concentration) 또는 최소영향농도(LOEC, Lowest Observed Effect Concentration)등을 산출하였다. 그 결과 옥타클로르스티렌 및 2-, 3-chlorostrene의 조류에 대한 성장저해 무영향농도는 $0.5\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었고, 4-chlorostyrene의 조류에 대한 성장저해 무영향농도는 $0.13\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었다. 담수무척추동물인 물벼룩에 대한 급성유영저해시험결과 옥타클로르스티렌 및 2-, 3-chlorostrene의 무영향농도는 $5\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었고,4-chlorostrene의 $EC_{50}$ 값은 $2.128\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었다. 또한 담수어류인 송사리를 대상으로 실시한 급성어독성시험결과, 옥타클로르스티렌의 무영향농도는 $80\;mg\;L^{-1}$, 2-, 3-chlorostyrene의 무영향농도는 $60\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었고 4-chlorostyrene은 $LC_{50}$값은 $39.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$(48 시간), $22.6\;mg\;L^{-1}$(96 시간)로 산출되었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.181-192
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• 2011

Ballasting and deballasting of shipping vessels in foreign ports have been reported worldwide as a vector of introduction of non-native aquatic plants and animals. Recently, attention has turned to ballast water as a factor in the global increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Many species of microalgae, including harmful dinoflagellate species, can remain viable for months in dormant benthic stages (cysts) in ballast sediments. Over a period of four years, we surveyed ballast water and sediment of ships docked in two ports of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Sampling conditions encountered while sampling ballast water and sediments were vastly different between vessels. Since no single sample collection protocol could be applied, existing methods for sampling ballast were modified and new methods created to reduce time and labor necessary for the collection of high-quality, qualitative samples. Five methods were refined or developed, including one that allowed for a directed intake of water and sediments. From 63 samples, 1,633 dinoflagellate cysts and cyst-like cells were recovered. A native, cyst-forming, harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, was collected, isolated, and cultured from the same vessel six months apart, indicating that ships exchanging ballast water in Tampa Bay have the potential to transport HAB species to other ports with similar ecologies, exposing them to non-native, potentially toxic blooms.

• ALGAE
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.147-161
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• 2015

Brown algal extracts have long been used as feed supplements to promote health of farm animals. Here, we show new molecular insights in to the mechanism of action of a fucose containing polymer (FCP) rich fraction from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 infection model. FCP enhanced survival of C. elegans against pathogen stress, correlated with up-regulation of key immune response genes such as: lipases, lysozyme (lys-1), saponin-like protein (spp-1), thaumatin-like protein (tlp-1), matridin SK domain protein (msk-1), antibacterial protein (abf-1), and lectin family protein (lfp). Further, FCP caused down regulation of P. aeruginosa quorum sensing genes: (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR), secreted virulence factors (lipase, proteases, and elastases) and toxic metabolites (pyocyanin, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophore). Biofilm formation and motility of pathogenic bacteria were also greatly attenuated when the culture media were treated with FCP. Interestingly, FCP failed to mitigate the pathogen stress in skn-1, daf-2, and pmk-1 mutants of C. elegans. This indicated that, FCP treatment acted on the regulation of fundamental innate immune pathways, which are conserved across the majority of organisms including humans. This study suggests the possible use of FCP, a seaweed component, as a functional food source for healthy living.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2016

지금까지 개발된 나노물질 중 은나노물질은 일상 생활제품에 가장 많이 활용된 나노물질 중 하나로 알려져 있고 다양한 경로를 통해 환경에 유입되어 환경 및 인체에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 화학물질과 달리 나노물질은 물리화학적 특성에 따라 동일 나노물질이더라도 그 유해성이 다르다고 알려져 있지만 기존 연구들은 다양한 특성을 동일 시험조건에서 평가하기 보다는 하나의 특성에 대해 독성을 보고하는 수준에 그치고 있다. 따라서 기존 연구들의 서로 다른 시험생물, 시험조건, 나노물질 특성 등을 고려할 때 나노물질의 물리화학적 특성에 따른 독성의 체계적인 비교평가가 어려운 한계가 존재한다. 본 연구는 은나노물질의 다양한 물리화학적 특징에 따라 수생생물에 미치는 독성영향을 평가하고자 한다. 대표적인 3종 (어류, 물벼룩, 조류)의 수생생물에 대한 은나노물질의 입자상 크기 (50, 100, 150 nm), 형태 (입자형, 선형), 코팅물질 종류 (PVP, citrate)에 따라 생태독성평가를 진행하였다. 연구결과, 나노 물질의 크기가 작을수록 그리고 입자상 형태보다 선형에서 독성이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 특히 선형 은나노의 경우, 길이에 비례하여 그리고 입자에 비해 비교적 높은 독성을 나타냈다. 반면, 은나노의 코팅물질 종류는 대상 수생생물에 따라 독성의 영향이 다르게 평가되었다. 본 연구는 은나노물질의 다양한 물리화학적 특성에 기인한 독성을 동일한 시험 조건, 시험생물에서 체계적으로 비교 평가하였다는 점에서 의의가 있으며 본 연구결과는 은나노물질의 환경 및 인체 위해성평가 자료로서 활용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라 보다 안전한 은나노물질 소재개발을 위한 과학적 자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.150-151
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• 2003

Benzoyl peroxide is a high production volume chemical, which was produced about 1,375 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. Most of them are used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. The substance is one of the sever chemicals of which human and environmental risks are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research under the frame of OECD SIDS Program. It has a melting point of 104-106 $^{\circ}C$ and has solubility of 9.1 mg/1 in water at 25 $^{\circ}C$. The substance was readily biodegradable (83 % after 21days) and had toxic effects to aquatic organisms. The range of 72 hr-EbC50 (biomass) for algae was 0.07-0.44 mg/1 and 48 hr-EC50 for daphnia was 0.07-2.91 mg/1. The LC50 of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24-2.0 mg/1. Although the toxic effects of benzoyl peroxide to aquatic organisms were investigated, environmental monitoring data were not studied. In this study, distribution of the chemical among multimedia environment was estimated using EQC model based on the physical-chemical properties to evaluate the risk of benzoyl peroxide in environment. In level I, II calculation the chemical was distributed to soil (68.3 %) and water (28.7 %). In level III calculation it was primarily distributed to soil (99.9 %) and overall residence time of 3.4 years was estimated. Benzoyl peroxide could be persistent in environment.

• 환경생물
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2001

중금속을 처리하는 방법에는 일반적으로 화학적, 물리적 그리고 생물학적 처리방법 등이 있다. 이중 생물학적 처리방법은 미생물들의 자연 생체기작을 이용하는 방법으로, 생체축적 (biosorption & bioaccumulation), 산화환원반응 (oxidation & reduction), 메칠화 및 탈메칠화반응 (methylation & demethylation), 금속 유기물질 복합반응 (metal-organic complexation)과 비용해성 복합체형성 (insoluble complex formation) 등의 기작을 이용한 방법이다. 이런 중금속에 대한 생물학적 기작들은 중금속으로 오염된 환경을 복원시키는 데에 중요한 기술기반을 제공한다. 최근 금속의 종류와 미생물균주의 종류와 조건 그리고 오염환경에 따른 다양한 방법의 중금속 처리들이 제시되었고, 이는 주로 곰팡이, 박테리아, 조류(algae) 등을 이용한 방법들이다. 또한 분자생물학의 발전과 더불어 중금속 제거능력을 배가시킨 균주의 최근 개발시도는 기존의 생물학적 처리방법을 개량 발전시킬 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고 있다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.9-22
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this dissertation is to make a list of the phaeophyta growing naturally in the Korean coastal waters, and to carry out a survey on the current distribution status to investigate the phaeophyta which can be used as medicinal herbs. Methods : References and research papers about herbology published at home and abroad were examined. Results : The results of this study were as follows : A total of 63 genera and 145 species of phaeophyta was found in the Korean coastal waters among which 11 genera and 15 species(approximately 11%) were medicinal plants. Out of the 145 species of phaeophyta 27 species belonged to Sargassum, and out of the 15 species of medicinal plants 4 species belonged to Sargassum. Among the medicinal parts 11 species belonged to algae. Sixteen species had cold property, and 16 species had salty flavors. Thirteen species had the efficacy of liver meridian, and 15 species had the potency of YEONKYUN, which helps to remove hard clots generated in human body. No toxic drugs were detected. Conclusion : There were totaled to 63 genera and 145 species in Phaeophyta in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 11 genera, 15 species, some 11% in total. Thirteen species had the efficacy of liver meridian, and 15 species had the potency of YEONKYUN, which helps to remove hard clots generated in human body. No toxic drugs were detected.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 1983

환경독성학(環境毒性學)(ecotoxicology) 관점(觀點)에서의 연구분야(硏究分野)는 크게 bioassay의 평가기법(評價技法)과 ecosystem analysis를 위한 야외조사(野外調査)로 대별(大別)된다. 본 연구(硏究)는 현재 다량(多量) 사용(使用)되고 있는 제초제(除草劑)(butachlor), 살충제(殺蟲劑)(carbofuran), 살균제(殺菌劑)(tricyclazole)를 철포(撤布)한 논에서의 periphyton에 대한 농약(農藥)의 영향(影響)을 평가(評價)하였다. 1) Periphyton 중(中) 기초생산자(基礎生産者)인 algae의 chlorophyll-a 함량(含量)은 벼 생육기간(生育期間)동안 $0.0007{\sim}0.0091g/^2$를 나타내었으며 전반적으로 농약(農藥)에 의한 chlorophyll-a 함량(含量)의 영향(影響)은 없었으며 수온(水溫)과 일조량(日照量)에 따른 변화(變化)를 나타내었다. 2) 생체량(生體量)(dry and ash-free weight)은 $0.0535{\sim}2.9850g/^2$로 biomass 역시 수온변화(水溫變化)에 따른 영향(影響)으로 사료(思料)된다. 3) Autotrophic index는 $43{\sim}2027$의 값을 나타내었다. 논에서 형성(形成)되는 periphytic community는 대부분 heterotrophic 조건(條件)을 갖는 것으로 평가(評價)된다. 이것은 biomass 구성체(構成體)가 기초생산자(基礎生産者)보다는 유기물질(有機物質)과 소비자(消費者)가 많은 trophic nature를 의미하는 것이다. 이상의 결과(結果)로 미루어 볼 때 논에서 사용(使用)하고 있는 제초제(除草劑)를 비롯한 살충제(殺蟲劑), 살균제(殺菌劑)등의 농약(農藥)은 논토양의 부착성 조류(藻類)의 생육(生育) 및 biomass에 큰 영향(影響)을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 그러나 본(本) 실험(實驗)은 한정(限定)된 지역에서 1년간(年間)이라는 단기간의 조사 기간동안 실시된 것이고, 또한 실험실적(實驗室的)으로 bioassay 기법에 의한 algae의 영향(影響)을 평가(評價)하지 않았기 때문에 위의 결과(結果)만으로 어떤 사실을 단정하기 곤란하므로 이 연구(硏究)를 바탕으로 하여 생태계내(生態系內) 1차 생산자인 조류(藻類)에 대한 농약(農藥)의 영향(影響)을 광범위하며, 깊이 있는 연구(硏究)와 자료축적(資料蓄積)으로 환경독성학(環境毒性學) 분야(分野)를 발전(發展)시켜야 할 것이다.