• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1896-1905
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to manufacture white bread by substituting bakery yeast with natural starter. The general composition of wild grape, was 81.22% moisture, 0.81% ash, 0.74% crude fat, 1.58% crude protein, and 15.65% carbohydrate contents. Fermented wild grape extract was made by culturing for 4 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Flour was added three times to fermented wild grape extract and incubated for 36 hours at $20^{\circ}C$ to manufacture sourdough. We investigated the quality characteristics of white bread with different amounts of fermented wild grape sourdough. The pH of dough decreased with increasing amounts of sourdough, whereas total titratable acidity of dough significantly increased. Fermentation power of dough expansion significantly increased with increasing incubation time, and control showed the highest value of 126.67%. White bread specific volume was highest in, 50% sourdough at 4.76 mL/g. Water content increased with increasing amounts of sourdough, whereas water activity was not significantly different between the samples. For texture, hardness of 50% sourdough was lowest at 19.23 g. In the sensory evaluation, color, flavor, softness and overall acceptability decreased with increasing amounts of sourdough. As a result, 50% sourdough can be considered as a baker's yeast substitute for making natural fermented bread.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

Background: The survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases is reported to be 3~6 months even with aggressive treatment. Some patients have very short survival after aggressive treatment and reliable prognostic scoring systems for patients with cancer have a strong correlation with outcome, often supporting decision making and treatment recommendations. Methods: A total of one hundred twenty two NSCLC patients with brain metastases who received gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) were analyzed. Survival analysis was calculated in all patients for thirteen available prognostic factors and four prognostic scoring systems: score index for radiosurgery (SIR), recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), graded prognostic assessment (GPA), and basic score for brain metastases (BSBM). Results: Age, Karnofsky performance status, largest brain lesion volume, systemic chemotherapy, primary tumor control, and medication of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor were statistically independent prognostic factors for survival. A multivariate model of SIR and RPA identified significant differences between each group of scores. We found that three-tiered indices such as SIR and RPA are more useful than four-tiered scoring systems (GPA and BSBM). Conclusion: There is little value of RPA class III (most unfavorable group) for the same results of 6-month and 1-year survival rate. Thus, SIR is the most useful index to sort out patients with poorer prognosis. Further prospective trials should be performed to develop a new molecular- and gene-based prognostic index model.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of the combination with Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), Gastrodia Rhizoma (Gastrodia elata Blume) and Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg) on metabolic disorders including cholesterol and erectile dysfunction in hyperlipidemia rats.Methods : Animals were divided into six groups; Control with normal diet, high fat/cholesterol-diet (HFCD), fluvastatin, Korean Red Ginseng treated (KRG), and the combination treated (Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori Radix; 1:1:1 for KGP1 and 2:1:1 for KGP2). The experimental groups initially received HFCD for 10 weeks and then treated orally with fluvastatin, KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 during the final 6 weeks. Erectile function was determined by the measurements of intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and maximal arterial pressure (MAP) after electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve.Results : KGP2 decreased the level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the sera of HFCD rats without no changes of body weights. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 decreased the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels except of fluvastatin, synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 significantly increased the ICP, ICP/MAP ratio, area under the curve (AUC) compared with those of normal rat. Morphometric analyses showed that KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 increased the volume of smooth muscle and the regular arrangement of collagen fibers in corpus cavernosum of HFCD rats. The penile expression of eNOS was increased by KRG, KGP1 and KGP2.Conclusions : Based on these results, we suggest that the combination with Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori may improve hyperlipidemia through regulating the lipid profiles and erectile dysfunction in rats.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.190-203
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• 2001

In this study the discharged wastewater from a paper plant was filtrated by 4 kinds of tubular carbon ceramic ultrafiltration membranes with periodic water-back-flushing. We could investigate effects of watch-back-flushing period, transmembrane pressure (TMP) and flow rate, and find optimal operating conditions. The back-f1ushing time (BT) was fixed at 3 sec, and fi1tration times (FT) werc changed in 15~60 scc, TMP in 1.00~2.50$kg_{f}$/$cm^2$, and the flow rates in 0.27~1.75 L/min. The optimal conditions were discussed in 7he viewpoints of dimensionless permeate flux (J/J$_{0}$), total permeate volume ($V^T$) and resistance of membrane fouling ($R^f$). Optima1 back-flushing period was BT/FT=0.20, suggesting that the frequent back-flushing should decrease membrane fouling. Optimal TMP in the viewpoint of $V^T$ was 1.00~1.55$kg_{f}$/$cm^2$, suggesting that rising TMP should increase membrane fouling and decrease permeate flux. But, rising f1ow rate should decrease membrane fouling and increase permeate flux. Then, average rejection rates of pollutants filtratedby carbon ceramic membranes were 88~98 % for turbidity, 48~72% fort $COD_{cr}$ and 37~76% for TDS.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1048-1048
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behaviors, body image, hematological index and nutrient intake of female athletes in Incheon. The subjects were 112 female athletes (field and track: n=32, firing: n=27, fencing: n=29, swimming: n=14, badminton: n=10) from middle and high schools in Incheon. This cross-sectional study was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit(Hct), ferritin, serum iron, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS). Nutrient intakes collected from 3 day-recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: Average age of field and track athletes, firing, fencer and swimmer was 14 years and that of badmintoner was 17 years. Most of female athletes had dietary problems such as unbalanced meals, skipping meals, and preference of processed foods. More than 60% of female athletes skipped breakfast. As for perception of body image, most of female athletes perceived themselves fatter compared to normal body image. Especially, field and track athletes were more significantly experienced weight control compared to the other athletes (p<0.05). As for physical burden during exercise, 56.3% of swimmer and 31.3% of field and track athletes answered “very hard”, which showed a significant difference (p<0.001) More than 80% of female athletes had experienced a vertigo during exercise (p<0.01). Also, more than 50% of female athletes except badmintoner had experienced an irregular menstruation (p<0.05). Average serum iron level (p<0.05) and TS (p<0.05) of field and track athletes were significantly lower compared to the other athletes. Serum ferritin of badmintoner, field and track athletes and fencer was significantly lower compared to firing and swimmer (p<0.05). Nutrient intakes of female athletes except vitamin B6, niacin and phosphorus were lower than the Korean RDA. Especially, calcium and iron intakes of female athletes were under the 50% of the Korean RDA. Therefore, proper nutrition education and supplementation are required for female athletes to encourage desirable food habits as well as to improve their nutritional status and exercise performance.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2019

In South Korea, six large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have occurred since the first confirmation in 2003 from chickens. For the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks have become an annual phenomenon throughout the country and has extended to wider regions, across rural and urban environments. An understanding of the spatial epidemiology of HPAI occurrence is essential in assessing and managing the risk of the infection; however, local spatial variations of relationship between HPAI incidences in Korea and related risk factors have rarely been derived. This study examined whether spatial heterogeneity exists in this relationship, using a geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) model. The outcome variable was the number of HPAI-positive farms at 252 Si-Gun-Gu (administrative boundaries in Korea) level notified to government authority during the period from January 2014 to April 2016. This response variable was regressed to a set of sociodemographic and topographic predictors, including the number of wild birds infected with HPAI virus, the number of wintering birds and their species migrated into Korea, the movement frequency of vehicles carrying animals, the volume of manure treated per day, the number of livestock farms, and mean elevation. Both global and local modeling techniques were employed to fit the model. From 2014 to 2016, a total of 403 HPAI-positive farms were reported with high incidence especially in western coastal regions, ranging from 0 to 74. The results of this study show that local model (adjusted R-square = 0.801, AIC = 954.5) has great advantages over corresponding global model (adjusted R-square = 0.408, AIC = 2323.1) in terms of model fitting and performance. The relationship between HPAI incidence in Korea and seven predictors under consideration were significantly spatially non-stationary, contrary to assumptions in the global model. The comparison between global Poisson and GWPR results indicated that a place-specific spatial analysis not only fit the data better, but also provided insights into understanding the non-stationarity of the associations between the HPAI and associated determinants. We demonstrated that an empirically derived GWPR model has the potential to serve as a useful tool for assessing spatially varying characteristics of HPAI incidences for a given local area and predicting the risk area of HPAI occurrence. Considering the prominent burden of HPAI this study provides more insights into spatial targeting of enhanced surveillance and control strategies in high-risk regions against HPAI outbreaks.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

The Seaborne Trade Volume accounts for 97% of the total. This means that the port operation management system can improve port efficiency, reducing operating costs, and the manager who manages all operations at the port needs to check and respond quickly when delays of work and equipment support is needed. Based on the real-time location information confirmation of yard automation equipment used the existing system GPS, the real-time location information confirmation system is a GPS system of the tablet, rather than a port operation system that monitors location information for the entered information, depending on the completion of the task or the start of the task. Network configurations also reduce container processing delays by using commercial LTE services that do not have shading due to containers in the yard also reduce container processing delays. Trough introduction of smart devices using Android or IOS and container processing scheduling utilizing artificial intelligence, we will build a minimum delay system with Smart Device usage of container processing applications and optimization of container processing schedule. The adoption of smart devices and the minimization of container processing delays utilizing artificial intelligence are expected to improve the quality of port services by confirming the processing containers in real time to consumers who are container information demanders.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 2022

In this work, virion concentration and its dose changes by HVAC and air cleaners were estimated in a subway station platform to control airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2. Collection efficiencies with particle size were measured for the air filter equipped in a HVAC in one subway station in Daejeon. Indoor PM_2.5 changes according to outdoor PM_2.5 with time were also measured to estimate air infiltration rate in the subway station platform. When infected persons generate virions by 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 3 × 10⁶ and 5 × 10⁶ h^-1 in a 2,400 m³ volume platform, the concentration and dose were estimated as 9, 92, 275 and 458 virions/m³ and 4, 43, 130 and 217 virions after 1 hour exposure, respectively. The concentration and dose were reduced by 70%, and 64%, respectively by operations of both HVAC (with a flow rate of 16,000 m³/h, MERV 11) and ten air cleaners(with total CADR 10,740 m³/h) compared to those without operation of both HVAC and air cleaners. However, virion dose in the platform was estimated to be too low at the general conditions due to a large space, a high air infiltration (3 h^-1) and a short residence time (usually < 10 mins) in the platform irrespective of the operations of HVAC or air cleaners. HVAC with filters and air cleaners would be more necessary in the concourse or shopping areas in the subway stations to reduce the infection dose from a few hundred to several tens virions in a hour.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.spc
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

As the volume of marine hazardous and noxious substances (HNSs) transported in domestic and overseas seas increases, the risk of HNS spill accidents is gradually increasing. HNS leaked into the sea causes destruction of marine ecosystems, pollution of the marine environment, and human casualties. Secondary accidents accompanied by fire and explosion are possible. Therefore, various types of HNSs must be rapidly detected, and a control strategy suitable for the characteristics of each substance must be established. In this study, the ground HNS spill experiment process and application result of detection algorithms were presented based on hyperspectral remote sensing. For this, styrene was spilled in an outdoor pool in Brest, France, and simultaneous observation was performed through a hyperspectral sensor. Pure styrene and seawater spectra were extracted by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and the N-Findr method. In addition, pixels in hyperspectral image were classified with styrene and seawater by applying spectral matching techniques such as spectral distance similarity (SDS), spectral correlation similarity (SCS), spectral similarity value (SSV), and spectral angle mapper (SAM). As a result, the SDS and SSV techniques showed good styrene detection results, and the total extent of styrene was estimated to be approximately 1.03 m². The study is expected to play a major role in marine HNS monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

It has been shown that both caloric restriction and exercise, enhances glucose uptake through translocation of GLUT-4 protein. It remains unclear how exercise and caloric restriction affect the changes in VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein) in skeletal muscle and GLUT-2 in liver. This study investigated the effects of exercise training and caloric restriction on the expressions of glucose transport relating proteins in muscle and liver tissues in diabetic rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (250±10 g; 8 week in age) were assigned equally to four different groups; control (C), exercise only (E), dietary restriction only (D) and dietary restriction and exercise (DE). Daily food consumption was monitored to establish baseline intake. Both C and E groups consumed baseline food intake while D and DE groups were provided with only 60% of baseline total food intake. Forty-eight hours after intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg), diabetes was confirmed (8-hr fasting blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dl). Rats in the E and DE groups exercised on a motorized treadmill for 30 min/d, 5 days/week for 4 weeks (5 min running at 3 m/min, 0% grade; 8 m/min for the next 5min, and then 15 m/min for 20 min). Rats were sacrificed 48 hrs after the last bout of exercise. Soleus muscle and liver were extracted to analyze for GLUT-4, VAMP-2, and GLUT-2, respectively. All variables were analyzed using the Western Blotting technique. All values were expressed as optical volume measured by optical density. A Two-way ANOVA was used to examine the difference between groups and applied Duncan's test for post-hoc. No significant differences in GLUT-2 expression were found among groups. However, E (280133±13228 arbitrary units{AU}) and DE (268833±14424 AU) groups showed significantly higher (p<.001) levels of GLUT-4 as compared with C (34461±2099 AU) and D groups (27847±703 AU). VAMP-2 protein expression increased (p<.001) in E (184137±7803 AU) and DE (189800±10856 AU) groups as compared to C (74201±8296AU) and D (72967±863 AU) groups. These results suggest that either exercise with or without caloric restriction increases the up-regulation of GLUT-4 and VAMP-2 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. However, GLUT-2 protein in liver was not affected by either exercise or exercise with caloric restriction.