• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.311-327
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the health and nutritional risk factors associated with hypertension in Koreans over the age of 50 in a high-income class (more than twice as much family income as the 2005 Korean minimum cost of living, 668,540 Won). A total of 505 subjects aged over 50 from the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were divided into two groups: A hypertension group (HG) (N=151, Systolic Blood Pressure ${\geq}$140 mmHg or Diastolic Blood Pressure ${\geq}$90 mmHg) and normal group (NG) (N=354). Subjects who took hypertension medicines or underwent diet therapy were excluded. In HG, mean daily alcohol intake and the amount of alcohol consumption per one occasion were significantly higher than in NG, respectively. A greater number of hypertension subjects answered that they drank alcohol to reduce stress as compared to normal subjects. HG also took fewer dietary supplements than NG. Mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood sugar level, and 2 hour postprandial blood sugar following a glucose load were significantly higher in HG than in NG, respectively. Also, iron, thiamin, and niacin intakes and the consumption frequency of seaweeds were significantly lower in HG than in NG, respectively. Finally, obesity (BMI ${\geq}$25 $kg/m^2$), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ${\geq}$90 cm for males, ${\geq}$ 80 cm for females), high blood sugar level 2 hours after an oral glucose load (${\geq}$140~200 mg/dl), and hypertriglyceridemia (serum TG ${\geq}$200 mg/dl) were related to a significantly higher risk of hypertension in the subjects (odds ratio: 1.884~3.040). In conclusion, dietary factors such as higher alcohol consumption; lower intakes of iron, thiamin, and niacin; lower consumption frequency of seaweeds; and metabolic syndrome were associated with hypertension in the study subjects.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.396-403
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• 1995

Eightly nine common Korean foods were analyzed by the enzymatic-gravimetric method developed by Prosky et al. and adopted by AOAC to determine total dietary fiber(TDF) content. The average TDF content of the foods analyzed was 4.78${\pm}$3.55% for cereal and grain products, 2.56${\pm}$1.65% for potatoes and starches, 1.94${\pm}$0.77% for sugar and sweets, 10.81${\pm}$6.57% for pulse and pulse products, 9.70${\pm}$5.92% for nuts and seeds, 15..38${\pm}$15.76% for seasonings, and 4.98${\pm}$4.35% for beverages. The foods containing the highest TDF values in the food groups were whole grain barley(17.88%) in cereals, yellow soybean(21.05%) in pulses, black sesame(21.34%) in nuts and seeds, and red pepper powder(39.37%) in seasonings except San Cho powder(52.43%). TDF content of rice, the main staple food of Korea, was 2.75% for brown rice and 0.96% for well-milled rice. The TDF value of the foods analyzed ranged from 0.12 to 23.4 times that fo crude fiber reported in the Korean food composition tables. When we consider dietary fiber contents of foods and food consumption patterns together, it is recommended to consume brown rice instead of well-milled rice and increase the consumption of minor cereals and pulses to raise dietary fiber intake.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.464-471
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• 2016

음료 섭취의 증가는 비만, 당뇨, 심혈관계질환 등 각종 성인병 발생과 같은 전신질환의 원인으로 알려져 있으며, 치아우식증과 치아침식증과 같은 구강질환의 원인으로도 구강건강에 있어 가장 큰 위험요인이다. 본 연구의 목적은 구강건강증진을 위한 영양교육에 있어 음료 선택 시 영양표시에 대한 올바른 정보를 제공하고, 음료 섭취에 따른 구강건강 관련된 영양성분 및 위험요인을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 총 7종 52개로 탄산음료 14제품, 혼합음료 13제품, 과채 음료 11제품, 유음료 5제품, 과 채주스 4제품, 액상커피 3제품, 액상차 2제품이 본 연구에 사용되었으며, 음료의 영양성분표시, 당도, pH를 측정하여 분석하였다. 영양성분표에 의한 음료 1회제공량 당 당류의 함량 분석결과, 유음료가 26.6 g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 액상차가 13.0 g으로 가장 낮았다. 당류의 에너지 섭취량을 10% (50 g)미만으로 분석한 결과, 유음료와 탄산음료가 각각 53.2%DV, 50.0%DV로 1회 제공량 당 50% 이상의 당을 함유하는 것으로 나타났다. 당도 조사에서는 유음료가 18.3%로 가장 높았으며, 과 채주스 12.2%, 탄산음료 10.3%, 액상차 9.7%, 과 채음료 9.0%, 혼합음료 8.0%, 액상커피 6.5% 순이었다. 음료의 pH측정 결과 탄산음료가 3.0으로 가장 강한 산성을 나타내었고, 유음료는 6.8로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 구강보건교육 시 영양교육에 있어 영양표시에 대한 올바른 정보제공 및 음료 섭취에 따른 구강질환 발생 가능성에 대한 알맞은 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.281-287
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• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.522-527
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• 2010

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and disability and remains so in the future. The aim of this study was to detect the impact of a 6-month diet intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal Iranian women. It was a randomized controlled trial that carried out in the East Health Clinic in Ahvaz-Iran. This study started on June 2007 and was completed on May 2008. A total 64 healthy postmenopausal women recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention group (35) and control (29). Over the six months follow-up, the intervention group received five educational sessions (two face to face and three lecture discussion classes with slide demonstration) at the first month. These sessions were about menopause, cardiovascular disease and healthy diet. Every participant in the intervention group received one face to face education session at the $3^{rd}$ month, and also received a telephone call at the end of each month starting with the second month to remain on the diet. Pre-intervention and post-intervention anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood lipids and dietary intake were assessed. Data analyzed using the SPSS version 15. Descriptive (means and SD), univariate (paired-t test, Chi-Square and Independent T-test) and multivariate (GLM Repeated Measure) statistics were used. Participants in the diet group had significantly lower weight (-0.9 kg), body mass index (-0.4 $kg/m^2$), and fasting blood sugar (-4.5 mg/dl). The diet group significantly increased their daily intake of fiber (+2.3 g, P=0.05), decreased their intake of sodium (-28 mg, P=0.04), and consumption of fruit and vegetable ${\geq}$ 5 serving a day (80%, P=0.03) compared to the control group. Post menopausal women are at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease. Healthy diet using educational intervention can be an effective means of reducing cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1455-1463
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• 2006

Effects of different levels of molasses in a concentrate supplement on milk yield of cows grazing Setaria grass pastures were investigated. Thirty Friesian cows, 6-7 years old with mean pre-experimental body weight of $428{\pm}6.5$ kg, in early stage of lactation were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design experiment that lasted for 126 days. Experimental dietary treatments were forage alone and forage/concentrate mixtures with molasses included at 0, 5, 10 or 15% levels designated as $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_5$, respectively. The parameters studied were voluntary dry matter (DM) intake, average daily live weight change (LWC), milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients. The DM and energy contents of Setaria grass were low compared to the concentrate diets. Fibre fractions-NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose; and gross energy were higher in concentrate mixtures than in the forage. Total DM intake (forage+concentrate mixtures) was significantly higher (p<0.001) in cows on the concentrate mixtures. LWC was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the cows. Average milk yields were significantly different (p<0.05) between cows. Fat corrected milk (FCM) was similar among cows in the treatments. BCS was better (p<0.001) in cows on concentrate mixtures. Digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, OM, and energy were significantly higher (p<0.001) in cows on $T_2$, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_5$ than in those on $T_1$. There were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and ADL (p>0.001) in cows on concentrate mixtures. This study therefore demonstrated that lactating dairy cows in Fiji need a level of readily fermented energy source such as molasses in their diets; however, a level above 10% is not nutritionally suitable for lactating dairy cows. Based on data on production parameters-milk yield, fat corrected milk, body condition score and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients-molasses levels that range between 5-10% are recommended, however, 10% is the best and therefore recommended for inclusion in the concentrate mixture of lactating dairy cows on a basal diet of Setaria sphacelata in Fiji.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.200-216
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• 1994

In present study, the authors investigated the possible effect of coffee consumption on serum cholesterol level in 1017 men between the ages of 40 and 59 years, who were randomly selected from the members of Seoul Cohort Study. Serum total cholesterol data was collected with other serologic indices (e.g. systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hight, weight, etc.) through the program of biennial health check-up offered by Korean Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC). The amount of coffee consumption was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire through mailing. Other confounding factors, such as age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and other dietary intake pattern were also determined by the questionnaire. The differences in means of serum total cholesterol in compared to non consumers were $-0.4{\pm}3.56mg/dl$ for those drinking less than 1 cup a day, $-0.6{\pm}3.60mg/dl$ for those drinking 1 cup a day, and $7.1{\pm}3.41mg/dl$ for those drinking more than 2 cups a day. Since smoking interacted the relationship between coffee consumption and serum total choleaterol, we re-analyzed those relationship in smokers and non-smokers separately Other atherogenic behaviors were well correlated with total cholesterol, so we adjusted the mean values of serum total cholesterol through multivariate model selection with age(r=0.12), total cigarette index (cigarette-years; r=0.10), Quetelet's index ($Kg/m^2$, r=0.16), daily calory expenditure (kcal/day, r=0.06), weekly meat and poultry consumption(g/week, r=0.05), weekly fish consumption (g/week, r=0.08), other caffeinated beverage intake (cups/week), and the amount of sugar and prim added to the coffee. Among those variables only age, Quetelet's index, fish consumption, and total cigarette index (in smokers) were remained in the models. After adjustment, the corresponing differences of total cholesterol in smokers were changed to $0.4{\pm}5.24mg/dl,\;-0.5{\pm}4.97mg/dl,\;and\;8.9{\pm}4.78mg/dl$, which were significantly different among themselves (P=0.011). In non-smokers, however, the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.76). Adjusted mean values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were also determined to evaluate the direct effect of coffee to cardiovascular system, but their means were not significantly different by coffee consumption(p=0.18 for SBP, p=0.48 for DBP). Asuming instant coffee in the most popular type of coffee in Korea, the association observed in our study between coffee and serum total cholesterol, especially in smokers, is very interesting finding for the connection between coffee and serum total cholesterol, because only 'boiled coffee' tend to show significant lipid raising effect rather than to other types of coffee, like filtered or espresso, in most of the western countries. We concluded that people who drink coffee more than 2 cups a day have significantly higher serum total cholesterol level than those who never drink coffee, especially in smokers.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: It is expected that dairy products such as cheeses, which are the main source of cholesterol and saturated fat, may lead to the development or increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; however, the results of different studies are inconsistent. This study was conducted to assess the association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Information from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) was used for this cross-sectional study with a total of 1,752 participants (782 men and 970 women). Weight, height, waist and hip circumference measurement, as well as fasting blood samples were gathered and biochemical assessments were done. To evaluate the dietary intakes of participants a validated food frequency questionnaire, consists of 49 items, was completed by expert technicians. Consumption of cheese was classified as less than 7 times per week and 7-14 times per week. RESULTS: Higher consumption of cheese was associated with higher C-Reactive Protein (CRP), apolipoprotein A and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level but not with fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B. Higher consumption of cheese was positively associated with consumption of liquid and solid oil, grain, pulses, fruit, vegetable, meat and dairy, and negatively associated with Global Dietary Index. After control for other potential confounders the association between cheese intake and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.81; 96%CI: 0.71-0.94), low HDL-C level (OR: 0.87; 96%CI: 0.79-0.96) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.88; 96%CI: 0.79-0.98) became negatively significant. CONCLUSION: This study found an inverse association between the frequency of cheese intake and cardiovascular risk factors; however, further prospective studies are required to confirm the present results and to illustrate its mechanisms.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.130-133
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• 1999

Body fat-reducing ability of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) water extract (OMWE) was investigated of mice by supplying it drinking water. OMWE(2.95% solid content ) was prepared by extracting a low grade of the mushroom at 12$0^{\circ}C$ for 10min. The solid material of OMWE was composed of 65.2% reducing sugar, 0.23% crude fat, 0.5%total protein, 1.2% ash and 32.9% others. OMWE was appropriately diluted with drinking water. Seventy two male ICR mice(25$\pm$1 g, 7~8 weeks of age, 6 mice/cage, 18 mice/treatment) housed in polycarbonate cages containing $\beta$-chips were adopted in a temperature-and humidity-controlled facility with free access to water and diet. One week later, the mice were subjected to one of the treatments for 36days : 0 (control), 10, 50 and 100% OMWE. Drinking wter with or without OMWE was supplied twice (40ml each, 80ml in total ) daily per cage. Body weight and fed intake were recorded every three days. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed to determine the chemical composition (fat, protein, ash and water). Body weight of mice treated with OMWE (10, 50 and 100%) at day 36 was 35.9, 35.9and 35.5g per mouse , respectively, and not significantly reduced as compared to that (36.5g/mouse) of control mice. Average body fat of 0,10,50 and 10% OMWE -treated mice was 14.3, 13.1, 10.7 and 12.0% , respectively. Body fat reduction by 50% OMWE treatment was 25.2% (p<0.05) relative to control. OMWE did not affect feed intake. The contents of body protein and ash were increased with respect to body fat decrease, while water content was not changed much. These results suggest that OMWE could reduce body fat of the mice without body weight change, giving the best effect by 50% OMWE.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.270-283
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• 2017

본 연구는 충남 공주시 K대학교의 남녀 대학생 300명을 대상으로 설문조사 및 식사조사를 통해 커피 섭취 수준에 따른 커피섭취행동, 식습관, 식사 영양소 섭취량과의 관계를 분석하였다. 설문조사는 자기기입식으로 응답되었으며, 식사조사는 주중 2일간 식사기록법으로 이루어졌다. 최근 1년간 1일 커피 섭취 수준 및 대상자 분포를 고려해 조사대상자를 커피를 섭취하지 않은 무섭취군 (non coffee group, NCG), 1일 1~2잔을 섭취한 저섭취군 (low coffee group, LCG), 1일 3잔을 섭취한 고섭취군 (high coffee group, HCG)으로 나누었다. 그 결과, 조사대상자는 남자 47.3%, 여자 52.7%로 비슷하였으며, 평균 만나이는 남자 $21.2{\pm}2.12$세, 여자 $20.1{\pm}1.4$세이었다. 1일커피섭취수준에 따라 거주형태는 LCG에서 자취 비율이 높았으며, 자가나 기숙사/하숙 비율이 낮았다 (p < 0.05). 그러나 1일 커피 섭취 수준에 따른 최근 1년간 잠시간의 충분한 정도나 하루 운동시간의 차이가 없었다. 1일 커피 섭취 수준에 따라 커피섭취횟수는 HCG가 LCG보다 유의적으로 많았다 (p < 0.001). 주로 마신 커피 종류는 블랙 원두추출 커피가 LCG 25.2%, HCG 42.7%로 가장 많았으며, 1일 커피 섭취 수준에 따라 HCG는 LCG보다 블랙 원두추출 커피, 우유나 설탕을 넣은 원두추출 커피를 마시는 비율이 높았다 (p < 0.05). 커피를 주로 마시는 시간은 LCG와 HCG 모두 주로 18~24시 이전이었으며, 장소는 카페가 가장 많았다. 커피 섭취군의 최근 1년간 커피나 동반간식 선택시 두군 모두 '열량과 관계없이 좋아하는 것을 고른다'는 비율이 각각 80% 정도로 많았다. 식사대신 동반간식을 섭취한 횟수는 LCG와 HCG 모두 '없다'가 75% 이상을 차지했으나, HCG가 LCG보다 주 1~2회나 주 3~4회를 섭취하는 비율이 높았다 (p < 0.05). 조사대상자는 아침 결식율과 패스트푸드 섭취율이 높았고, 1일 3회 이상 채소반찬 (김치제외)을 섭취하는 횟수는 주 1~2회 이하가 33.0%이었으며, 과일 섭취 횟수는 주 1~2회 이하가 68.7%이어서 채소와 과일 섭취 횟수가 매우 낮았다. 1일 커피 섭취 수준에 따라 아침식사일수 및 과일 섭취 횟수가 차이가 없었으며, 1일 3회 분량 이상 채소반찬 (김치제외) 섭취 횟수는 전반적으로 LCG와 NCG가 HCG보다 높았다 (p < 0.05). 전체대상자에서 탄산음료 및 단음료 섭취 횟수는 주 3~4회 이상이 각각 30.3%, 40.0%로 나타나 많았으며, 섭취 횟수 분포로 볼 때 LCG와 HCG가 NCG보다 많았다 (p < 0.01). 1일 1컵 정도의 우유 섭취 횟수는 1일 1회 이상이 5.0% 뿐이어서 매우 낮았으며, 1일 커피 섭취 수준에 따른 차이가 없었다. 음주 횟수는 월 3~5일 이상이 50.7%로 나타나 많았으며, LCG와 HCG가 NCG보다 많았다 (p < 0.01). 커피섭취군에서 1일 평균 커피로 섭취한 열량은 LCG $0.88{\pm}5.62$ kcal/일, HCG $7.07{\pm}16.93$ kcal/일이어서 미미한 수준이었다. 이는 본 조사에서 커피섭취자의 대부분이 블랙 커피를 마셨기 때문이다. 남녀 전체에서 단백질, 비타민 A, 비타민 B1, 니아신, 인, 아연, 남자에서 엽산과 철의 1일 섭취량은 권장섭취량이나 충분섭취량을 거의 충족하여 양호하였다. 그러나 남녀 전체에서 에너지의 1일 섭취량은 에너지필요추정량의 72% 미만으로 낮았고, 비타민 C 및 칼슘의 1일 평균 섭취량은 평균필요량보다 낮았으며, 비타민 D의 1일 섭취량은 충분섭취량의 24~34% 수준으로 낮았다. 여자에서는 엽산 및 철의 1일 평균 섭취량은 평균필요량보다 낮았다. 비타민 $B_2$의 1일 섭취량은 커피 섭취 수준에 따라 남녀의 일부 군에서 평균필요량보다 낮았다. 그리고 1일 커피 섭취 수준에 따라 1일 단백질 섭취량 및 니아신 섭취량은 LCG와 HCG가 NCG보다 유의적으로 높았으며, 비타민 A 섭취량은 HCG가 NCG보다 유의적으로 높았을 뿐 (p < 0.05), 다른 영양소에서는 차이가 없었다. 이상에서 조사대상자의 커피 섭취율은 높으나 주로 블랙 커피를 섭취하고 있어 커피로 섭취한 열량이 낮았으며, 1일 커피 섭취 수준이 식사 영양소 섭취량에 거의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 아침 결식율이 높고 채소, 과일, 우유 섭취 횟수가 부족한 결과 에너지, 비타민 D, 비타민 C, 칼슘 등의 섭취가 저조하였다. 커피 섭취 수준이 높을 때 단음료나 알코올 섭취도 많은 경향이어서 수분 섭취가 바람직하지 않을 것으로 여겨졌다. 따라서 조사대상자의 영양 섭취를 향상시키고 커피 섭취를 포함한 바른 수분 섭취 습관을 갖도록 돕는 교육이 실시되고, 사각지대에 놓이기 쉬운 대학생의 영양에 대한 사회적 관심과 지원이 이루어질 필요가 있다고 하겠다. 그리고 현재의 대학생을 비롯한 대부분의 연령군에서 커피 섭취율이 높으며 커피의 영양조성이 당류, 지질 위주로 편중되어 있는 점을 고려할 때, 커피 섭취가 식생활 패턴과 영양 섭취에 미치는 영향을 심층적으로 연구하고, 이 결과를 산학관 분야에 걸쳐 건강한 식생활을 뒷받침하는 자료로 활용함으로써 사회 변화에 맞춘 건강한 식생활을 지원하는 것이 필요하다고 생각한다.