• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Objectives: Taraxaci Herba (TH) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a heat-clearing, detoxifying and stimulating milk secretion drug. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TH on the sex hormone changes and lipid metabolism in the experimental model. Methods: The experimental model of menopause was induced by bilateral ovariectomy in rats. We used TH extract with freeze-dried and $200{\pm}20g$ female Sprague-dawley rats for this Study. The level of serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum total estrogen, serum progesterone, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and body weight were measured. Results: The results of this study were obtained as follows; 1. Sample A and Sample B significantly decreased body weight and level of serum total cholesterol, and significantly increased level of serum total estrogen as compared with control group. 2. Sample A decreased level of serum triglyceride, and was increased level of HDL-cholesterol, serum progesterone, serum FSH as compared with control group. 3. Sample B significantly increased level of HDL-cholesterol, serum FSH as compared with control group. 4. Sample B decreased level of serum triglyceride, and was increased level of serum progesterone as compared with control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that TH could be applied effectively on the treatment of menopausal syndrome.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.125-134
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to test the negative association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis(RA) and to clarify the role of prolactin and estrogen as protective factors in this association. The author compared the prevalence rate of RA between 561 patients with schizophrenia and 222 patients with mood disorder. For investigating the role of estrogen and prolactin, the author checked the plasma prolactin and estradiol level in 80 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 77 patients with RA. The results were as follows. 1) Epidemiological data The prevalence rate of RA in the schizophrenic group was 0/561 and that of RA in the mood disorder group was 2/222. To compare these results between two groups, the author applied the Binomial test using the average prevalence rate of RA(0.8%) in the general population as a reference rate. The prevalence rate of RA in the schizophrenic group was significantly lower than that of RA in the general population. However, the prevalence rate of RA in the mood disorder group was not significantly different to that of RA in the general population. 2) Comparison of plasma prolactin and estradiol level between two groups The plasma level of prolactin in the schizophrenic group was significantly higher than that of prolactin in the RA group(p=0.000). However, the plasma level of estradiol in the schizophrenic group was significantly lower than that of estradiol in the RA group(p=0.017). These results were not consistent across gender. To contrast with the results in the female group, which were consistent with the results in the total subjects, for the male group, the plasma levels of prolactin and estradiol in the schizophrenic group were significantly higher than those of prolactin and estradiol in the RA group. These results support the results of previous studies which confirm the negative association between schizophrenia and RA. These results also suggest that the elevation of plasma prolactin level in the patients with schizophrenia has a antirheumatic effect while the elevation of plasma estradiol level in the patients with RA has a anti-schizophrenic effect, and that these effects act as a possible mechanism in the negative association between two disorders. However, these results suggest that this association is specific to female patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.307-317
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• 1997

To determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous strogen on serum lipid levels, twenty nonsmoking healthy Korean women were participated in this experiment for 12 weeks. They were assigned to three groups : (1) eight women aged 22 to 30(yr) for the premenopausal(Pre) group, (2) eight, aged 49 to 60(yr) for the postmenoparusal(Pst) group, (3) four, aged 23 to 30(yr) for the oral contraceptive(OC) group which used triphasic OC formulation. Fasting blood samples representing every phase of the hormonal levels were obtained from the subjects of the Pre and the OC group. From the subjects of the Pst group, fasting blood samples were obtained once per three weeks for 12 weeks. All the serum data were adjusted for dietary effects, exercise, personality type and body mass index(BMI) by using analysis of covariation(ANCOVA). Serum lipid levels of the three groups were significantly different. While serum levels of triglycerides(TG)(p<0.0001), low density lipoprotein-chloesterol(LDL-C)/high density liporotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) ratio (LDC-C/HDL-C)(P<0.01) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio (TC/HDL-C)(P<0.001) were significatnly high in the Pst group, serum HDL-C(P0.001) level was significantly high in the Pre group. The OC group showed significantly low serum TC(P<0.0001) and LDL-C(P<0.0001) levels. There was no signidicant difference in the fluictuation of serum lipid levels during the menstrual cycle of the Pre group. However, in the OC group, serum TG level was significantly increased at phase 2(P<0.05) where exogenous estrogen administration was highest. Even though other serum lipid levels of the OC group were not significantly fluctuated according to the exogenous estrogen administration, there was a trend of increased levels of serum TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C and decreased level of HDL-C during the menstruation period. Also, serum TC level was high(P<0.005) and serum TG level was low (P<0.005) at the baseline of the OC group compared with the periods of OC administration. When screening and counseling the female population at risk for coronary heart disease(CHD), the result of this study suggest that in may be desirable to divide the population into several groups according to their personal physiological characteristics, such as age, OC administration, menstrual cycle and menopause, as well as general risk factors for CHD.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권1호통권106호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2004

In an effort to develop the biomarker for monitoring the contamination of xenoestrogen in the freshwater environment of Korea, reverse transcription-polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression was optimized in Hearisarsus Iaseo, Based on the homology of the VTG cDNA sequences between the common carp and zebra fish, a set of PCR primers for VTG mRNA amplification for H; labo was designed. VTG mRNA level in livers from female and male fishes was analyzed by RT-PCR following single injection of 17 beta estradiol($E_2$ 10 mg $kg^{-1}$ B.W.). As an internal control, beta actin mRNA was amplified. One us of total liver RNA was subjected to RT-PCR. In female the amount of PCR productof VfC gradually increased in the range from 16 to 34 cycles of amplification. On the contrary, in control male, PCR product first detected at 32 cycles of amplification and linearly increased up to 40 cycles of amplification. In $E_2$ injected male liver, the VTC mRNA level was similar to that in the female. Taken together, this result suggests that liver of male H. labo expresses minute amount of VTG mRNA which are2-l6 equivalent of female and that induction of VTG mRNA occurs in male liver after estrogen treatment. In conclusion, the optimized protocol for RT-PCR analysis of VTG mRNA expression in liver of male H. labo will provide the environmental monitoring method for the xenoestrogen contamination in the rivers in Korea.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.742-749
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• 2016

Boar taint, an unpleasant odor of pork, is associated with two substances including androstenone and skatole. Testosterone is a steroid hormone as well as a strong predictor for androstenone secretion. Isoflavones of soy origin play a role in modulating the metabolism of sex hormones. Although several methods responsible for reducing boar taint are under investigation, the precise mechanism by which isoflavones reduce testosterone has not yet been identified. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of isoflavones extracted from a soy by-product on the concentration of serum testosterone in mouse. A total of 24 mice were supplemented with basal diet (control), daidzin plus genistin mix (T1), or isoflavone extracts (T2). After 11 days of treatment, size and weight of testis, as well as the concentration of sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen, were analyzed. There was no difference in size or weight of testis from mice among control, T1, and T2. Serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) both in T1 and T2 when compared with the control group. Furthermore, estrogen concentration in blood was increased (p < 0.05) in T2 (numerically increased in T1) compared with the control group. Taken together, the use of isoflavones extracted from soy by-products would be a plausible strategy for reducing testosterone level, ultimately reducing boar taint without castration of piglets.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3699-3703
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• 2013

Background: This study aimed to show the localization of estrogen / progesterone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) and protein 53 (p53) by immunohistochemistry in a series of consecutive breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The study covered invasive breast cancers from 299 patients presenting at the Oncogenetic Clinic and Pathology Centers of Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences Hospital in Iran during the time period from 2009 to 2011. The Scarff-Bloom Richardson scoring method was used. Results: Of the 299, 27% (80/299) were <40, 33% (100/299) were 41-50, and the remaining 40% (119/299) were>50 years old. The highest incidence of breast cancer in this study population was in the group of more than 50 year age, and the most common histological type of breast cancer was the invasive ductal carcinoma, which accounted for 68% (203/299) of the cases. Out of possible total of 207, 6% (13/207), 41% (85/207), and 53% (109/207) were scored as grade I, II, III, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated a lack of association between labeling for the markers studied and tumor size and age of the patients. We confirmed an association between ER labeling and nuclear grade of breast cancer. The conflicting results obtained compared with the literature be because of differences in the immunohistochemical techniques applied in the various studies and to the scoring systems used.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.287-291
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• 2016

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Estrogen receptors 2(ESR2) is involved in estrogen related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis, but their functions have not been confirmed in pig until now. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 105 Duroc pigs with records of semen motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were analyzed. A SNP in coding region of ESR2 g.35547A > G in exon 5 was associated with MOT (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effects were not defined yet. These results might shed new light on the roles of ESR2 in spermatogenesis as candidate gene for boar fertility, but still the lack of association across populations should be considered.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.115-121
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• 1997

To precisely analyze the role of ovarian steroids in the regulation of laminin chain gene expression in mouse uterine tissues, the ovariectomized mouse model was used. Ovariectomized mice received a single injection of steroid hormones and total RNA was isolated from whole uterine tissues. Messenger RNA levels of each laminin chain (A, 81, and 82) were determined by competitive RT-peR procedures. Estradiol decreased mRNA levels of laminin 81 chain about two-fold, and 82 chain rather moderately. Estradiol-induced inhibition of laminin 81 and 82 chain mRNA levels were completely blocked by pretreatment with estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen. Estriol, a short acting estrogen which cannot induce hyperplastic responses of rodent uterine tissues, also showed an inhibitory effect on 81 and 82 chain mRNA levels, while estrone, an inactive estrogen, failed to influence either 8 chain mRNA levels. Effects of steroids on A chain mRNA level were quite different from those on 8 chains. Laminin A chain mRNA level was slightly increased by estradiol treatment, but negatively affected by progesterone. Progesterone treatment greatly increased both 8 chain mRNA levels, but slightly decreased A chain mRNA level compared to the control. The effect of progesterone on laminin chain-specific mRNA levels was further increased by co-injection of estradiol in a time-dependent manner. Progesterone-induced 81 and 82 chain mRNA transcription was inhibited by RU486, a synthetic anti-progesterone /anti-glucocorticoid. The present study demonstrates for the first time that steroids are able to regulate laminin gene expression in mouse uterine tissues, indicating that steroid-regulated laminin gene expression is involved in uterine growth and probably differentiation.

• 셀메드
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• 제13권14호
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• pp.15.1-15.15
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• 2023

Background and objective: A new formular CPC22 consists of Cynanchum wilfordii root, Pueraria thomsonii flower, and Citrus unshiu peel and has been developed to improve the postmenopausal symptoms. The research intended to evaluate whether CPC22 would regulate bone loss, hot flashes, and dysregulated lipid metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) postmenopausal mice. Method: The OVX mice were orally administered with CPC22 daily for 7 weeks. Results: CPC22 regulated OVX-induced bon loss by enhancing serum osteoprotegerin, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin levels and diminishing serum receptor-activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL), collagen type 1 cross-linked N-telopeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels. As a result of CPC22 treatment, notable decreases in tail skin temperature and rectal temperature were observed, along with diminishment in hypothalamic RANKL and monoamine oxidase A levels and enhancement in hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-HT2A, and estrogen receptor-β levels. CPC22 enhanced levels of serum estrogen and diminished levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. CPC22 regulated levels of serum lipid metabolites, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, CPC22 diminished levels of serum blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase and restored vaginal dryness without affecting uterus atrophy index and vagina weights. Conclusion: Therefore, these results indicated that CPC22 improves OVX-induced bone loss, hot flashes, and dysregulated lipid metabolism by compensating for estrogen deficiency without side effects, suggesting that CPC22 may be used for the prevention and treatment of post menopause.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1155-1162
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• 2013

갱년기의 여성에는 여러 폐경 증후들이 나타나는데, 특히 에스트로겐의 감소로 인한 혈중의 지질 조성의 변화 등으로 골다공증 및 심혈관계 질환의 발병율이 높아지게 된다. Estrogen의 감소는 다양한 생리적 변화를 초래하며 특히 심혈관계 질환을 빠르게 진행시킨다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 에스트로겐 유사활성이 뛰어난 갈조류를 선정하여 해조공진단을 제조하였으며, 실험동물인 흰쥐의 난소를 절제하여 인위적으로 갱년기를 유도한 후 해조공진단이 혈소판 응집능 및 혈중 지질 함량에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 에스트로겐 검출시스템을 사용하여 공진단 및 갈조류 추출물의 에스트로겐 유사활성을 검증한 결과, 다시마 및 곰피 열수 추출물에서는 통계적으로 유의한 에스트로겐 유사활성이 나타났으며, 특히 다시마 열수 추출물에서 가장 높은 활성이 나타났다. 이러한 in vitro 실험 결과를 통해 다시마 추출물을 첨가한 해조공진단을 제조한 후, 갱년기를 유도한 실험동물에 투여하여 혈소판 응집능 및 혈청 내 지질 조성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 해조공진단 투여로 인해 OVX-CON군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으나 유의적인 결과가 나타나지 않은 반면, 혈청 중 중성지방 함량의 경우, 해조공진단을 투여한 OVX-GJD군은 OVX-CON군과 비교하여 중성지방 함량이 유의적으로 감소하는 결과가 나타났다. 혈청 중 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 정상군인 SHAM군에 비해 난소를 절제한 OVX-CON군이 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 해조공진단을 첨가한 사료 섭취군(OVX-GJD)은 OVX-CON군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 또한, 혈소판 응집 저해능을 검토한 결과에서 OVX-CON군에 비해 OVX-GJD군의 혈소판 응집이 유의적으로 감소하여 저해하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 제조된 해조공진단이 에스트로겐 유사활성을 가지고 있으며, 난소절제로 갱년기를 유도한 실험동물에게 이를 섭취시킨 결과 혈중 지질 개선 및 혈소판 응집 저해 효과가 나타나 갱년기 증상 완화에 활용 될 수 있는 소재로 기대된다.