• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1053-1064
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• 2024

Objective: This study aims to investigate the interactive effect of a glycine equivalent (Gly_equi) and standardized ileal digestible threonine (SID Thr) levels in low crude protein diets on performance, blood biochemistry, pectoral muscular creatine content and oxidative stability of meat in broiler chickens from 21 to 42 days. Methods: A total of 1,500, twenty-one-day-old Cobb-Vantress male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized 5×3 factorial arrangement of Gly_equi×SID Thr with five replicates of 20 birds each. Fifteen dietary treatments of 16.5% CP were formulated to contain five levels of total Gly_equi (1.16%, 1.26%, 1.36%, 1.46%, and 1.56%) and three levels of SID Thr (0.58%; 0.68% and 0.78%). Results: Interaction effects (p<0.05) of Gly_equi and SID Thr levels were observed for weight gain, carcass yield, pectoral muscular creatine content and serum uric acid. Higher levels of Gly_equi increased (p = 0.040) weight gain in 0.58% and 0.68% SID Thr diets compare to the 0.78% SID Thr diet. The SID Thr level at 0.68% improved (p = 0.040) feed conversion compared to other SID Thr diets. Levels of Gly_equi equal to or above 1.26% in diets with 0.78% SID Thr resulted in birds with higher (p = 0.033) pectoral muscular creatine content. The breast meat yield observed in the 0.68% SID Thr diet was higher (p = 0.05) compared to the 0.58% SID Thr diet. There was a quadratic effect of Gly_equi levels for pectoral pectoral muscular creatine content (p = 0.008), breast meat yield (p = 0.030), and serum total protein concentrations (p = 0.040), and the optimal levels were estimated to be 1.47%, 1.35%, and 1.40% Gly_equi, respectively. The lowest (p = 0.050) concentration of malondialdehyde in the breast meat was found in 0.68% SID Thr diets at 1.36% Gly_equi. Conclusion: The minimum dietary level of Gly_equi needed to improve performance in low crude protein diets is 1.26% with adequate SID Thr levels for broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of urea-treated rice straw feeding on the growth performance of crossbred Holstein heifers under different feeding conditions. In the first experiment, the animals were given diets having 2 levels of TDN and CP and 3 levels of crude fiber (22, 30 and 36%) which were formulated with urea-treated rice straw and concentrates. Daily weight gain of heifers was not different between 22% and 30% CF diets, but the reduction of TDN or CP level to 90% of the requirements decreased the weight gain. Fiber content of 36% also reduced the body weight gain. The reduction of TDN significantly reduced DM intake and increased feed conversion ratio. Feed cost per kg weight gain was significantly increased by an increase in CF to 36%. In the second experiment, separate feeding and total mixing feeding were compared. There were no significant differences between the two feeding systems in body weight gain although the possibility of superiority in SF to TMF remained. DM intake was not affected by the feeding system, but 30% CF diet gave higher DM intake. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lower in the 30% CF diet.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 1990

In order to investigate effects of starch addition on the fermentative quality and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of Kudzu, Puerarie thunbergii Bentham plants were ensiled by the conventional method in small experimental plastic silo of 7.5 liter with different levels of starch addition. The fermentative quality, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of silage were determined by chemical analysis, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) by pepsin-cellulase technique. Total digestibile nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were calculated with DMD. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Acetate, butyrate, PH, NDF, ADF, and ADL of Kudzu silage were reduced with increasing of starch addition but the contents of lactate and total acid were increased. 2. The DMD was marked 47.5, 49.5, 51.2, 57.9 and 62.0 % under starch addition with a rate of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 %, respectively. 3. TDN, DF and ME were increased with high rate of starch addition. 4. The regression equation and correlation of Kudzu silage between level of starch (X) and DMD (Y) were Y= 41.6 + 1.86 X (I= 0.96, P < 0.01), of silage between Flieg's score (X) and DMD (Y) were Y= 41.6 + 0.23 X (I= 0.96, P < 0.01) and of silage between level of starch (X) and Flieg's score (Y) were Y= 21.3 + 7.97 X (I= 0.97, P < 0.01), respectively.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.1078-1082
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• 2010

본 연구는 해조류 세포벽에 결합된 무기질은 모두 이용되지 않는다는 전제하에 해조류의 세포벽물질(중성세제불용성섬유: neutral detergent fiber, NDF)을 측정하고 이에 결합된 미량 무기질 Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn의 함량을 조사하여 해조류내에 함유되어 있는 무기질 함량에서 빼줌으로써 계산하여 해조류의 무기질 이용률을 추정하였다. 해조류 총 7종에 대해, 해조류 100 g당 NDF에 결합된 무기질 Zn, Cu, Mn의 평균 함량은 각각 1.78, 0.43, 0.23 mg으로 그에 따른 이용률이 각각 90.56, 85.43, 87.26%로 모두 85% 이상의 높은 이용률을 나타냈다. 반면, Fe은 NDF에 결합된 무기질 함량이 22.42 mg/100 g으로 비교적 많은 양이 결합되어 있어 그 이용률은 68.36%로 낮은 이용률을 보였다. Fe이 NDF에 가장 많이 결합한다는 보고와 같이 해조류에서도 식이섬유인 NDF에 결합된 Fe의 함량이 많아 그 이용률은 상대적으로 낮았다. 하지만 그 외 Zn, Cu, Mn의 이용률은 85% 이상으로 높아 인체 내의 소화율을 고려한다 하더라도 이들 무기질은 높은 추정 이용률을 보일 것으로 판단되어 인체 영양상 미량 무기질의 좋은 식품자원으로써 그 이용을 기대해 본다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2006

간척지에서 요소와 유안비료의 시용이 총체보리의 수량성, 사료가치 그리고 토양염류도에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해서 2003년 10월부터 2005년 5월까지 충남 당진에 위치한 대호간척지에서 시험한 결과, 평균 토양 염류도는 요소를 시용한 표준시비구(T2)에 비해 유안을 시용한 구(T3, T4 및 T5)에서 낮게 나타났다. 생초수량은 요소를 시용한 표준시비구(T2)에 비해 유안을 시용한 T3, T4 및 T5 처리구에서 각각 62% (p>0.05), 41% (p<0.05) 그리고 23% (p<0.05) 증수되었다. 건물수량과 TDN 수량도 생초수량과 같은 경향으로 나타났다. 조단백질 함량은 유안대체구(T3)가 가장 높았으며, 유안을 증량시용(T4와 T5) 할수록 감소하였다. TDN 함량은 유안 200kg/ha 대체시용구(T3)와 유안 300kg/ha 대체시용구(T4)에서 높았다. 나트륨함량은 유안시용구(T3, T4 및 T5)에서 $0.50%{\sim}0.61%$로 낮았다. 위의 결과로 볼 때 간척지에서 겨울철 사료작물로 총체보리를 재배할 경우, 질소질 비료는 요소대신 유안을 ha당 200kg 시용하는 것이 적절한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.123-134
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• 1997

The effects of cutting 6equency and nitrogen fertilization on feed values of reed canarygrass were investigated in uncultivated rice paddy and the attemp was made to estimate the economical and efficient levels of nitrogen fertilization for the increased production of nutrients in reed canarygrass. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Crude protein(CP) content was higher at 1st cut of all treatments(12.5% in 3 cutting 6equency; 19, 7% in 4 cutting frequency; 22.5% in 5 cutting kquency). However, Total Digestible Nutrients(TDN) and Relative Feed Value(RFV) in 3 and 4 cutting 6equencies were higher at 3rd cut(63.5%, 126.8) and 4th cut(65.7%, 146.4) respectively in which the contents of Neutral Detergent Fiber(NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber(ADF) were lowest. In 5 cutting frequency, 1st cut showed the highest TDN and RFV as 70.5% and 232.4 respectively. 2. The level of nitrogen fertilization affected CP content of reed canarygrass. Nitrogen fertilization of 120kgl halcut showed high CP contents of 11.4, 14.7 and 16.5% in 3, 4 and 5 cutting eequency respectively. In 3 and 4 cutting frequency, TDN and RFV were highest with nitrogen fertilization of 90kg/ha/cut where NDF and ADF were lowest, however those in 5 cutting frequency were highest with nitrogen fertilization of 30kg/ha/cut. 3. The yields of CP varied according to the number of cutting frequency and those were 0.45~0.65 in 3 cutting hquency, 0.35~0.50 in 4 cutting frequency, and 0.19~0.67tond/ha in 5 cutting 6equency respectively and TDN was 2.09~3.60, 1.64~2.77 and 0.73~2.96tons/ha respectively. 4. The ratios between the yields of CP and TDN were 5.48, 4.60 and 4.34 in 3, 4 and 5 cutting 6equency respectively and it indicates lower ratio in result of higher number of cutting 6equency. 5. Higher nitrogen fertilization increased the yields of CP and TDN. The yields of CP were higher in 5 cutting frequency as 1.55~2.62tons/ha than of 3(1.20~1.91tons/ha) and 4 cutting frequency(1.35-2.23tons/ha). The yields of TDN were 6.31~9.93, 5.99~9.99 and 7.16~10.57tons/ha in 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequency respectively. 6. The levels of nitrogen fertilization for high production efficiency of crude protein(kg CPYkg N) was estimated as 113.4~302.5kg/ha and it resulted in 1.44~2.09ton/ha of CP yields. The levels of nitrogen fertilization for high production efficiency of dry matter was 199.2-361.3kgha in which nitrogen were fertilized below 400kg/ha and it resulted in 1.64~2.17ton/ha of CP yields. 7. The levels of nitrogen fertilization for high production efficiency of total digestible nutrients(kg TDNYkg N) were 149.9~294.1kg/ha in 3 and 4 cutting kequency and it resulted in 8.66~8.89ton/ha of TDN yileds. With the levels of nitrogen fertilization for high production efficiency of dry matter of 199.2~361.3kg/ha, TDN yields were high as 8.77~9.94ton/ha.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.562-568
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• 2017

Objective: The hull attached to the barley kernel can be mechanically removed thus reducing the fiber content of the barley. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial dehulling on the nutrient digestibility as well as the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of barley in pigs. Methods: Two hulled barley samples (high fiber barley [HF] and low fiber barley [LF]) with either high or low fiber contents were obtained from the Hubei and Jiangsu Provinces of China. A portion of the two barleys was mechanically dehulled (dehulled high fiber barley [DHF] and dehulled low fiber barley [DLF]). Thirty barrows (initial $BW=31.5{\pm}3.2kg$) were assigned to one of five diets in a randomized complete block design. The five diets consisted of 96.9% corn, HF, LF, DHF, or DLF supplemented with 3.1% minerals and vitamins. Each diet was fed to six barrows housed in individual metabolism crates for a 10-d acclimation period followed by a 5-day total but separate collection of feces and urine. Results: The daily loss of gross energy (GE) in feces was lower (p<0.01) for pigs fed DHF than for those fed HF. The daily N intake and fecal N loss were lowest (p<0.01) for pigs fed the corn diet. The DE and ME as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, GE, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of DHF or DLF were higher (p<0.01) than the values in HF and LF, respectively while the values except the ATTD of NDF and ADF in DLF were higher (p<0.01) than the values in DHF and were comparable to corn. Conclusion: The DE and ME contents as well as the ATTD of nutrients in both DHF and DLF barley were improved compared with the HF and LF barley. Moreover, the nutritive value of DLF barley was comparable to the yellow-dent corn used in the study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2018

Objective: Two ex vivo experiments were conducted to verify the effect of barley grain (Nusrat cultivar) treated with alkaline compounds (AC) including alum, ammonium, and sodium hydroxide or cation-exchanged organic extracts (OE) prepared from alfalfa hay, sugar beet pulp and Ulva Fasciata, on extent and digestion of starch. Methods: In the first study, the in vitro first order disappearance kinetic parameters of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch were estimated using a non-linear model ($D_{(t)}=D_{(i)}{\cdot}e^{(-k_d{\cdot}time)}+I$, where: $D_{(t)}$ = potentially digestible residues at any time, $D_{(i)}$ = potentially digestible fraction at any time, $k_d$ = fractional rate constant of digestion (/h), I = indigestible fraction at any time). In the second experiment, the ruminal and post-ruminal disappearance of DM, CP, and starch were determined using in situ mobile nylon bag. Results: Barley grains treated with alum and alfalfa extract had a higher constant rate of starch digestion (0.11 and 0.09/h) than others. Barley grain treated with OE had a higher constant rate of CP digestion and that of treated with AC had a higher constant rate of starch digestion (0.08 and 0.11/h) compared with those of the other treatments. The indigestible fraction of starch treated with alum and sugar beet pulp extract was higher than that of the control group (0.24 and 0.25 vs 0.21). Barley grain treated with AC and OE had significant CP disappearance in the rumen, post-rumen and total tract, and also starch disappearance for post-rumen and total tract compared with the untreated (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that AC and OE might have positive effects on the starch degradation of the barley grain. In addition, treating barley grain with alum and sugar beet pulp extract could change the site and extend digestion of protein and starch.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제80권4호
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• pp.436-444
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• 1991

이 연구(硏究)는 참나무류(類) 목재(木材)(수피(樹皮)포함)를 핀칩(pinchip)과 톱밥으로 만들어 이용(利用)하므로 목재 이용율(利用率)을 80%이상으로 활용할 수 있으며 이것에 표고버섯균의 활성(活性)을 조장(助長)시켜 버섯을 보다 효율적(效率的)으로 증수(增收)하고 가축(家畜)의 조사료(粗飼料)로 버섯재배 폐잔사(廢殘査)를 볏짚과 대체가능성(代替可能性)을 조사(調査) 연구(硏究)한 것이다. 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 참나무류 칩을 이용한 버섯재배에서 버섯의 품질(品質)을 높이는 방법(方法)으로 유기산(有機酸)(탄닌산, 구연산)을 배양기(培養基)에 첨가(添加)하는 것은 균사발율(菌絲發育)과 품질(品質)에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 참나무류 칩이나 톱밥 재배는 종균(種菌) 접종(接種) 후(後) 6개월부터 제1차기 버섯수확(收穫)이 가능하면서 품질(品質)에서도 각처리구간(各處理區間)에 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 목재(木材)의 조단백질 함양은 0.7%인데 버섯재배 잔사는 1.82-4.55%까지 향상되었으며 총가소화(總可消化) 영양소율(營養素率)도 버섯재배잔사는 44.0-46.0%로 향상되어 볏짚 48.0%와 유의차(有意差)가 없었다. 4. 잔사중에 함유된 필수아미노산 함량을 조사한 바, 탄닌산처리 핀칩 및 톱밥잔사는 methionine이 그리고 무처리 핀칩 및 톱밥잔사의 경우는 isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine 등이 비교구에 비하여 증가하였다. 반면에 threonine, valine, arginine 등은 비교구에 비하여 감소 추세였으며 특히 폐골목에서는 더욱 심한 현상을 보여주었다.