• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.559-569
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of whole mandarin, peel, and pulp intake of Citrus unshiu Marc on the antioxidative capacity of 15-month-old rats. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 621.9 $\pm$ 10.1 g were separated into four groups according to body weight. The rats were raised with diets containing 5% (w/w) dried mandarin powder for four weeks. Three powders were used, consisting of mandarin peel, pulp, and the entire fruit. Total flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins and dietary fiber was highest in the mandarin peel powder, followed by the whole mandarin powder and the mandarin pulp. The body weight gains of the whole mandarin and mandarin pulp groups were higher, while that of the mandarin peel group was lower than that of the control group. Food intake and ratios of liver, kidney and epididymal fat pad (EFP) weights to body weight were not significantly different among the groups, but ratios of EFP weights per body weight of the experimental groups tended to be lower than that of the control animals. Plasma and liver TBARS concentrations decreased in all the mandarin groups compared to the control group. Plasma and liver xanthine oxidase (XO) activity decreased in all of the mandarin diet groups. Erythrocyte and liver SOD activity in all of experimental groups was not significantly different from the control group. Plasma vitamin A concentration increased significantly in all of the mandarin diet groups. That of the mandarin peel group was 4 times higher than that of the control group. Plasma total carotenoids and vitamin C level also increased in the mandarin peel group. Plasma vitamin I level was not significantly different among the groups.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2000

본 연구는 부추김치의 담금방법에 따른 부재료가 발효숙성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 소금을 첨가한 처리구 A, 간장을 첨가한 처리구 B, 간장과 들깨가루를 첨가한 처리구 C, 멸치액젓을 첨가한 처리구 D, 멸치액젓과 찹쌀풀을 첨가한 거리구 E로 담금 즉시 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 43일간 발효시키면서 색과 조직특성을 알아본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 클로로필 및 카로티노이드의 잔존율은 발효숙성이 진행됨에 따라 감소하였다. 발효숙성이 진행됨에 따라 Hunter's color value에서 녹색도를 나타내는“a”값이 감소하였다. 특히 멸치액젓과 찹쌀풀을 첨가한 처리구 E의 녹색이 가장 감소하였다. 2. 수용성 펙틴과 고형분 함량은 전반적으로 발효숙성이 진행됨에 따라 점차로 증가하였는데. 대체로 처리구 B>C>D>E>A의 순이었다. 3. TDF 함량은 발효숙성 초기와 큰 차이가 없다가 발효숙성이 진행됨에 따라 서서히 감소하였다. TDF 함량에서는 큰 차이가 없었으나, SDF와 IDF의 조성에는 변화가 있었는데, 발효숙성 8일째에는 SDF 함량이 전반적으로 5배에서 7배로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 본 실험의 조건하에서 발효숙성은 처리구 B>C>E>D>A의 순으로 빨리 진행되어 간장은 부추김치의 발효숙성을 빠르게 하였으며, 들깨가루 첨가는 발효숙성 말기에 오히려 발효숙성을 촉진하였고, 멸치액젓과 찹쌀풀 첨가는 부추김치의 변색을 가장 빨리 유발하였다는 결과로 보아 담금방법에 따라 부추김치의 발효숙성 양상에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 부추김치 담그는 목적에 따라 부재료를 선택하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.443-452
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• 2010

Elevated plasma concentration of total homocysteine (ptHcy) is known as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and oxidative stress is also commonly implicated in CVD. An association between ptHcy and oxidative stress has recently been suggested. The study objective is to examine the relationship between ptHcy and oxidative stress markers in 103 healthy college students (62 males and 41 females). Plasma levels of ptHcy, oxidative stress markers (conjugated diene, erythrocyte catalase, TRAP, lymphocyte DNA damage), antioxidant vitamins ($\alpha$-tocopherol, $\gamma$-tocopherol, carotenoids), and lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol) were determined. The results show that the concentration of ptHcy was significantly higher in male subjects ($22.17\;{\pm}\;2.14\;{\mu}mole/L$) than in female subjects ($12.28\;{\pm}\;0.45\;{\mu}mole/L$). There was a negative association between ptHcy and plasma ${\beta}$-carotene in male subjects (p $lt; 0.05), but no correlation between ptHcy and other plasma antioxidant vitamin levels in either gender. However, there were the negative correlations between ptHcy and plasma ${\alpha}$-carotene or ${\beta}$-carotene, and a positive correlation between ptHcy and lymphocyte DNA damage. A significantly low level of ${\alpha}$-carotene or ${\beta}$-carotene was found in male subjects with elevated ptHcy (${\geq}\;15\;{\mu}mol/L$), as compared to those with lower plasma homocysteine. These study results confirmed the views on the association between plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress markers in humans and support the hypothesis that homocysteine promotes the oxidative environment by counteracting the antioxidant defense mechanism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.628-637
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• 2010

To determine vitamin A and E intakes and their food sources, dietary intakes were collected by three consecutive 24-hour recalls from 192 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The mean vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene intakes were $1240.1{\pm}1101.1\;{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($693.3{\pm}563.2\;{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day), $182.6{\pm}149.5\;{\mu}g$/day and $5443.3{\pm}6365.5\;{\mu}g$/day, respectively. Only 9.4% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A. The mean vitamin E intake was $6.03{\pm}2.54\;mg$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol equivalent/day. The ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol intakes were $4.83{\pm}2.03$ and $5.57{\pm}3.41\;mg$/day, respectively. Most of the subjects (93.8%) consumed less than the Korean Adequate Intake for vitamin E. The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, red pepper powder, spinach, and citrus fruit, and the top 30 foods provided 91.5% of total Plant foods provided 81.0% and animalderived foods 10.5% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. The major food sources of vitamin E were soybean oil, red pepper powder, Ramyeon (cup noodles), spinach, and egg. The top 30 foods provided 78.0% of total vitamin E intake. Plant foods provided 61.3% and animal-derived foods 15.9% of the vitamin E intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, the vitamin A intake of the Korean adults in this study was ge-nerally adequate, but the vitamin E intake of many subjects was inadequate. Therefore, nutritional education may be of benefit to Korean adults to increase their vitamin E intake.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

H. pluviails는 고광도와 질소 결핍 배지 조건에서 ketocarotenoid의 일종인 astaxanthin을 다량 축적하는 녹조류이다. 스트레스가 없는 조건에서 키운 green cell과 astaxanthin이 합성된 red cell을 HPLC를 통해 비교해 본 결과 각 색소의 양이 변화하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 여러 ester 형태의 astaxanthin이 생합성 되고, zeaxanthin이 늘어난 반면, lutein과 ${\beta}$-carotene은 감소하였다. 또한 total chlorophyll 양이 줄어드는 대신 total carotenoid의 양이 늘어남을 보였다. H. pluvilalis에서 찾아낸 astaxanthin 생합성 경로에 있는 carotenoid hydroxylase, phytoene desaturase, isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, ${\beta}$-carotene ketolase 유전자는 음성대조군인 chloroplast chlorophyll a-b binding protein와는 달리cell이 성장하기 좋은 조건의 상태보다 astaxanthin을 생합성하기 위해 고광도의 스트레스를 받았을 때 더 높은 발현양상을 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.971-980
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• 2019

We profiled the health-promoting bioactive components in nine types of soybean seeds with different seed coat colors (yellow, green, brown, and black) and investigated the effects of different extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water) on their antioxidant activities. The carotenoid and anthocyanin compositions varied greatly by seed color, and the phenolic acids, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents differed by genotype. The carotenoid content was relatively higher in soybean seeds with green and black seed coats than in those with a yellow seed coat while lutein was the most plentiful. The anthocyanin content was considerably higher in the soybean seed with the black seed coat. The results of the DPPH assay showed strong antioxidative activities in the methanol- and water-extracts compared to the ethanol-extract, irrespective of the seed coat colors. Moreover, the soybean seeds with the black seed coat exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the samples, regardless of the extraction solvent used. Eighteen bioactive compounds were subjected to data-mining processes including principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Multivariate analyses showed that brown and black seeds were distinct from the yellow and green seeds in terms of the levels of carotenoids and anthocyanins, respectively. These results help our understanding of the compositional differences in the bioactive components among soybean seeds of various colors, providing valuable information for future breeding programs that seek to enhance the levels of compounds with health benefits.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1980년도 학술대회지
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• pp.151-170
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• 1980

Physiological response of Panax ginseng var. atropurpureacaulo (purple stem variety, Pg) to light was reviewed through old literatures and recent experiments. Canopy structure, growth, pigment, leaf anatomy, disease occurence, transpiration, photosynthesis (PS), leaf saponin, photoperiodism and nutrient uptake were concerned. P. ginseng var. xanthocarpus (yellow berry variety, Px) and Panax quinquefolius(Pq) were compared with Pg if possible. Compensation point(Cp) increased with increase of light and ranged from 110 to 150 at $20^{\circ}C$ but from 140 to 220 at $30^{\circ}C$ with 4 to 15 Klux indicating occurence of light and temperature-dependent high photorespiration. Characteristics of Korea ginseng to hate high temperature was well accordance with an observation 2000 years ago. Korea ginseng showed lower Cp and appeared to be more tolerant to high light intensity and temperature than American sheng although the latter showed greater PS, stomata frequency and conductance, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Px showed lower PS than Pg probably due to higher Cp. Total leaf saponin was higher in leaves grown under high light. Ratio or diol saponin and triol saponin(PT/PD) decreased with increase of light intensity during growing mainly due to decrease of ginsenoside $Rg_1$ but increase of ginsenoside Rd. Leaves of Pg and Px had $Rg_1$ but no $Rb_3$ which was only found as much as $20\%$ of total in Pq leaves, and decreased with increase of light intensity. Re increased in Pg and Px but decreased in Pq with increase of light. PT/PD in leaf ranged 1.0-1.5 in Pg and Px but around 0.5 in Pq. Korea ginseng has Yang characteristics(tolerant to high light and temperature), cultured under Eum(shade) condition and long been used for Yang efficacy (to build up energy) while Pq was quite contrary. Traditional low light $intensity(3-8\%)$ for Korea ginseng culture appeared to be strongly related to historical unique quality. Effect of light quality and photoperiodism was not well known. Experiences are long but scientific knowledge is short for production and quality assessment of ginseng. Recent scientific knowledge of ginseng should learn wisdom from old experiences.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2000

미세캡슐화된 고추올레오레진 capsicum을 사용하여 core material인 올레오레진을 파괴하지 않고, wall material를 제거함으로써 올레오레진 중의 capsaicinoids 함량을 측정하는 방법을 확립하였다. 미세캡슐을 용해할 수 있는 용매로서 dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)를 선발하였으며, DMSO에 혼합되는 용매로서 탄수화물을 침전시킬 수 있으면서 올레오레진에 대하여 높은 용해성을 가진 용매인 에탄올을 wall material 침전에 이용하였다. Wall material은 DMSO사용량에 대한 미세캡슐의 사용량의 비율이 $7.5{\sim}10%(w/v)$범위에서 최적이었으며 DMSO 사용량의 8배 이상의 에탄올을 첨가하였을 때 완벽한 추출이 되었다. 또한 동량의 에탄올을 사용하여 추출하였을 때 1회 추출 보다는 2회 반복추출이 완벽하게 capsaicinoids를 용해 할 수 있었다. 가열처리조건은 $55^{\circ}C$, 30분에서 DMSO가 wall materials를 용해시키기에 용이하였고 에탄올 첨가후 capsaicinoids를 추출하기 위한 vortexing time은 40㎐에서 3분 이상의 혼합에서 일정한 값을 보여주었고, 원심분리조건은 21000rpm의 회전속도에서 15분이상이 capsaicinoids함량에 최고치를 나타내었다. 확립된 방법은 고추올레오레진 미세캡슐의 제조 및 저장등의 capsaicinoids의 함량변화측정에 응용이 기대된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.655-661
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• 1989

고추건조에 있어서 품질의 최적화를 위한 최적건조 공기온도와 상대습도를 수학적 최적화기법에 의하여 찾았다. 얻어진 최적 건조조건을 품질변화 kinetics와 제어변수가 상태변수의 변화에 미치는 영향을 관점에서 분석하였다. Carotenoids의 보존과 갈변억제를 위한 최적 건조조건은 거의 일치하였다. 2단계 건조의 최적 조건은 상대습도는 약 10%의 하한값을 취하면서 첫 번째 단계 건조에서 50%의 하한온도를 취하고 두 번째 단계 건조에서는 고온으로 증가하였다. 두 번째 단계 건조온도와 단계 이동시간은 전체건조 소요시간에 따라 달랐다. 제어변수가 시간에 대해 일정한 경우의 고추건조를 반응표면 분석에 의하여 제어변수의 영향을 살펴볼 때 최적점이 하한의 상대습도에서 목적건조 수분함량 0.2(건물기준)를 얻을 수 있는 가장 낮은 건조온도로 결정됨이 확인되었다. 2단계 건조는 건조 소요시간이 비교적 짧을 때 3-5%의 목적함수 개선의 효과가 있었다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2006

Methods have been developed to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of foods and plasma but limitations are associated with their ability to determine precisely the contribution of lipophilic antioxidants in a lipid milieu as well as interactions among them Thus, we modified the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay to determine the peroxyradical scavenging ability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compartments in plasma The hydrophilic ORAC assay was performed in a phosphate buffer system utilizing 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride as a peroxyradical generator and fluorescein as the target The lipophilic ORAC assay was carried out in a dimethylsulfoxide :butyronitrile (DMSO/BN, 9:1 v/v) system using 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) as a peroxyradical generator and BODIPY C11 581/591 as the target Analyses were conducted in bovine serum supplemented with water - and lipid - soluble antioxidants and in human plasma. Albumin (0.5$\sim$5 g/dL) and uric acid (0.1$\sim$0.5 $\mu$mol/L) increased hydrophilic ORAC values in a dose-dependent fashion ($R^{2}$=0.97 and 0.98, respectively) but had no impact on lipophilic ORAC values. $\alpha$-Tocopherol (15$\sim$200 $\mu$mol/L) increased lipophilic ORAC values in a dose-dependent fashion ($R^{2}$=0.94); neither $\alpha$-tocopherol nor $\beta$-carotene had an impact on hydrophilic ORAC values. However, addition of $\beta$-carotene at physiological concentration (0.23$\sim$1.86 $\mu$mol/L), either alone or in combination with other carotenoids, had no significant impact on lipophilic ORAC values. Thus, while assays of 'total antioxidant capacity' in biological matrices would be a useful research and clinical tool, existing methods are limited by the lack of complete responsiveness to the full range of dietary antioxidants.