• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.206-211
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity, which is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases, has also been associated with vitamin D deficiency. This study explored the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and adiposity measures in a general Korean population using the most recent, nationally representative survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study sample consisted of 4,771 Korean adults (${\geq}19years$) who participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Serum 25(OH)D was determined by radioimmunoassay. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and total body fat content were measured as adiposity measurements. Total body fat content was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The serum 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in men than in women. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was positively correlated with energy intake, and it was negatively correlated with total body fat content (P < 0.0001) and percentage body fat (P < 0.0001) after adjustment for age in both sexes, while was inversely correlated with BMI only in women. In multivariable regression analysis, serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with the total body fat content after adjustment for age, BMI, education, region, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and energy intake only in men (P = 0.0047). However, the serum 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with WC or BMI, indicators of adiposity after adjustment for potential risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Serum 25(OH)D concentration was independently associated with the total body fat content in a general Korean population, but it may be not associated with the indicators for estimating adiposity, such as WC or BMI.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2006

Germanium is found in a range of minerals and ores and is present in foods including beans, tomato juice, oysters, tuna and garlic. Germanium is a non-metallic element, which can exist in valence states of 2 and 4. Clinical trials and use in private practices for more than a decade have demonstrated organic germanium's efficacy in treating serious disease including cancer, arthritis and senile osteoporosis. But it was rarely reported that inorganic germanium has biological properties. STB-BM contains mineral complex, rare earth elements and a little amount of Inorganic germanium. The experiment was carried out the anti-obesity effect. To investigate anti-obesity effect of STB-BM, we measured the effect of body weight, fat weight (subcutaneous fat, epididymal fat, visceral fat, kidney fat and total fat) and serum biochemical level in rats fed high fat diets. STB-BM 35 mg/kg suppressed the increasing ratio of body weight, epididymal fat weight, visceral fat weight, total fat weight, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05).

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2001

The effect of topical application with 200,400 and 600 $\mu$g/ml 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) and Naphthoxyacetic Acid (NOA) to the fifth stadium larvae of the silkworm, B. mori on fat body glycogen, protein, total lipids, phospholipids, neutral lipids and haemolymph trehalose and protein has been studied. The fat body glycogen significantly increased in all the groups treated with 2,4-D whereas there is no significantly change in fat body glycogen in all the groups treated with NDA. However, the haemolymph trehalose was significantly increased in all 274-D and NOA treated groups except in the groups treated with 400 and 600 $\mu$g/ml 2,4-D where the increase was not significant.The fat body protein did not show any significant change in all groups treated with 2,4-D and NOA except in the groups treated with 200 $\mu$g/ml 2,4-D where the fat body protein was significantly increased. The total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids of the fat body increased significantly in all the groups treated with 2,4-D and NOA when compared with those of the corresponding parameters of the carrier control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.693-699
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• 2004

Live animal selection programs that favor animals with a minimum amount of carcass fat are used for improving breeding flocks of sheep. To predict carcass characteristics of live sheep using body measurements in breeding flocks, 200 male and female lambs of two fat-tailed Iranian sheep breeds (Moghani and Makui) were used. Depth of soft tissue over the 12th rib of the live animals was measured with ultrasound (ULGR) and with hypodermic needle (NGR). The height at withers (HW), body length (BL), circumference of heart girth (CH) and width of hooks (WH), were measured. All animals were slaughtered; carcasses were cut into joints and dissected. Breed had a significant effect on all of the live easurements. The Moghani breed showed a higher value for HW, CH, ULGR and NGR, compared to that of Makui. Except for soft tissue depths; ULGR, NGR and GR, the male lambs showed higher values in live and carcass measurements than females. Percentages of carcass, total fat and intermuscular fat in females were higher than that of male lambs. In spite of the higher amount of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat in female (which is usually used for their physiological need, such as pregnancy and lactation), the male lambs had a heavier fat-tail than females. There was a wide range of variation of percentage of total carcass fat and total chemical fat content of carcass in the two breeds. Eventually this wide variation could be use by animal breeders for selection of animals with a lesser amount of carcass fat. Live weight of lambs showed a relatively low correlation with percentage of carcass lean, total fat and subcutaneous and intermuscular fat. Total lean meat was predicted with relatively high coefficients of determination in the two breeds ($R^2$=0.61 and 0.89, respectively). Live weight and carcass traits were predicted using simple measurements, but with $R^2$ ranging from 0.53 to 0.93.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.924-932
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• 2003

In middle-aged men, abdominal obesity has been an important risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as a predictor of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Particularly, risks from abdominal obesity increase when adipose tissue accumulates in visceral compartment. Many studies showed that weight reduction by caloric restriction improves abdominal obesity and reduces lots of cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone treatment also results in a significant decrease in visceral fat area and normalizes endocrine metabolism. However there is no study that compare the effect of caloric restriction with that of testosterone treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of caloric restriction and that of testosterone treatment on body fat distribution, serum lipids and glucose metabolism in male patients with CAD. Forty five middle-aged overweight-obese men with CAD participated in 12 weeks' program. They were matched with age, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and divided into three groups : control group (n = 15) , caloric restriction group (-300 kcal/day, n = 15) and testosterone treatment group (testosterone undecanoate tablets, n = 15) . After 12 weeks, control group did not have any changes in anthropometries, lipid profile, body fat distribution, glucose metabolism and hormonal status. Expectedly, caloric restriction group showed decreases in body weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio, ％ body fat. Ten percentage of total cholesterol and 23% of triglyceride in serum were also decreased. In body fat distribution, total fat areas at both L1 and L4 levels were significantly reduced in this group without reduction in muscle of thigh and calf. However, testosterone treatment group did not have any significant changes in body weight, ％ body fat, serum lipid profile and abdominal fat distribution. In conclusion, weight reduction by caloric restriction is more beneficial in body fat distribution and serum lipid level than testosterone treatment in overweight male patients with CAD. This result suggests that modest weight reduction is possible to help decrease risk factors of CAD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2020

Purpose : We investigated the correlation between body composition and lung function in healthy adults. Methods : This study included 204 healthy adults in whom all measurements were obtained once, and all data were analyzed using the SPSS software for Windows, version 22.0. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between body composition (represented by the total body water, protein mass, soft lean mass, mineral mass, basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, and body fat percentage) and lung function (represented by the forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁], the FEV₁/FVC ratio, maximum voluntary ventilation [MVV], maximum expiratory pressure [MEP], and the maximum inspiratory pressure [MIP]). All measurements were obtained by two investigators to improve reliability. A significance level of α=.05 was used to verify statistical significance. Results : Among the lung function measurements obtained in both men and women, the FVC, FEV₁, MVV, and MIP were positively correlated with the total body water, protein mass, soft lean mass, mineral mass, basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass in men (p<.05). The FEV₁/FVC ratio was negatively correlated with the total body water, soft lean mass, mineral mass, basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass and the body fat percentage (p<.05). Notably, the FVC, FEV₁, and MVV were positively correlated with the total body water, protein mass, soft lean mass, mineral mass, basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass in women (p<.05). Conclusion : This study showed a significant correlation between body composition and lung function in healthy adults. In combination with future studies on lung function, our results can provide objective evidence regarding the importance of prevention of lung disease, and our data can be utilized in rehabilitation programs for patients with respiratory diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1991

In this study. the importance of body fat distribution as an indicator of metabolic aberrations in diabetics was'evaluated. Skinfold thicknesses at eight sites and circumferences at five sites and total body fat content were measured on 105 diabetics. 1) The waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR) was positively correlated(r=0.38-0.54) to plasma glucose levels during oral glucose loading in diabetic men alone. 2) There was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol of diabetics and nondiabetics. However, HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower(p : 0.000. in male and female) in diabetics(male : 36.31$\pm$ 16.98mg/dl, female: 37.89$\pm$14.67mg/dl) than nodiabetics(male 61.75$\pm$14.08mg/dl, female : 62.29$\pm$12.65mg/dl) and serum triglyceride was significantly higher(p=0.0212) in diabetic women(171.90$\pm$ 76.61mg/dl) than nondiabetic women(111.10$\pm$42.84mg/dl) . 3) In both sexes. anthropometric measurements that significantly correlated to serum triglyceride concentration were percentage of ideal body weight. body mass index(BMI) and waist circumference. Positive and significant correlations were found between serum cholestrol, and BMI(R: 0.31, 0.34) and waist circumference(r=0.29) in diabetic men. Moreover, skinfolds of trunk area(r=0.29~0.32) especially abdomen, were closely associated with serum lipids than other fat deposits. Increasing percentage of total body fat content was accompanied by progressively increasing serum triglyceride concentration(r=0.41) in dieabetic men. This study shows that knowledge of body fat localization may help identify risks of carbohydrate intolerance and hyperlipidemia in diabetics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 1993

Twelve docked and 12 intact Najdi lambs of equal numbers of males and females were slaughtered at 40 kg shorn shrunk body weight, Lipid in all empty body fat components; namely, subcutaneous, intermuscular, intramuscular, omental, mesenteric, channel, perirenal, pericardial, tail, viscera, bone and hide, were determined. Except for ram lambs, which had a lower percentage of lipid in intermuscular partition in loin cut, sex did not influence the relative proportion of subcutaneous or intermuscular fat in each wholesale cut. The data also showed that docking did not change the distribution of lipid in intermuscular and intramuscular fat partitions in each wholesale cut. Docked lambs tended to accumulate lower proportions of the lipid in subcutaneous fat component in the cuts located along the dorsal line than intact lambs. The total amount of lipid deposited in the empty body of ewe lamb was heavier in weight than that of ram lamb. Docking had no effect on the distribution of total lipid in the empty body, except for subcutaneous fat component, being greater in docked lambs than did intact ones. Generally, the highest proportion of fat was associated with subcutaneous depot followed, in order, by intermuscular, mesenteric, tail, intramuscular and omental fat partitions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.778-787
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• 1996

The purpose of present study was to assess the change of bone mineral density(BMD) and the influences of anthroopometric indices and body composition on BMD in Korean women in Taegu. Subjects were 242 healthy female in the range of 7-67 years old, were divided into 4 age groups in order to assess the influence o factors on BMD according to age. Body composition and BMD measurements of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body were performed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The analysis indicated that BMD of most region was positively related to body weight, BMI in all groups 4(50-67years), and closely related to femurs than lumbar spine. This study found correlations between BMD and both total fat body mass and total lean body mass in group 1, 2, 3, and correlations between BMD and only total fat body mass and in group 4. But on regression models the most significant prediction of BMD throughout the skeleton was total lean body mass in group 1(7-16years)and 2(17-34years, and total fat body mass in group 3 and 4. It is concluded that the our data can be used to screen early women of low bone mass. This study confirms that one of the most effective way to prevent osteoporosis and the fractures is to maximize peak bone mass in early life and to minimize bone loss through maintaining adequate weight.