• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2017

Saemaul Undong (SM U) initiated in Korea in the 1970's is widely acknowledged as a successful model for rural community development, despite its limitations. This paper investigates the success factors of the SMU model and the lessons thereof for Sam Sang Model of Lao PDR, which appears ineffective over the years. Results show that land reforms, social ties among villages, strong institutional support and leadership and incentive system as well as "top-down" and "bottom-up" development approaches are among the factors that significantly contributed to the success of the SMU. However, rural development program would not be effective if residents are unwilling to participate. Therefore, to successfully achieve rural community development in Lao PDR, the government should through the Sam Sang model employ top-down and bottom-up approaches to enhance local participation and address the exact needs of the local people.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2021

On the construction of new roads, the cut slope is inevitable and thus has been widely applied in the mountainous area. Particularly, the retaining wall with the precast concrete panel is often selected for its higher stability and mostly constructed in bottom-up method. However, the bottom-up method results in steeper slope as 1:0.05 before constructiong retaining wall and thus causes poor compaction at backfill which may induce instability during or after the construction. To overcome this problem, precast concrete panel retaining wall was attached in-situ ground (so called top-down). This paper presents the evaluation of drainage capacity of top-down method which has impermeable layer between panel and mortar being used to increase the ability of attachment of the precast concrete panel.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.38-43
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• 2019

Recently, bottom-up information systems (BUIS), developed according to the requirements of individual user departments, have become popular. However, effective management of BUIS projects is not enough, with many organizations having experienced integration challenges with such individual projects. BUIS projects are relatively small and limited in scope, as opposed to the large, complex systems developed through traditional top-down information system development projects. Due to these differences in characteristics, the control modes as well as the aspects to improve development performance in each type of project are also different. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the results of prior research on control in system development projects to improve BUIS project performance. The purpose of this study is to derive a new theory of control to improve BUIS project performance. The results contribute to the improvement of firm performance through effective control of BUIS projects in modern enterprises.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4 s.114
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• pp.445-453
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• 2005

Relative importance between bottom-up and top-down controls on phytoplankton dynamics was investigated in the Juam Reservoir, Chonnam based on the results from statistical analyses including regression and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. Effects of nutrients on size-structured phytoplankton dynamics were explored by simple linear regression analysis and relative importance between bottom-up and top-down controls was estimated based on results from the artificial neural network analyses. Although there is a limitation in determining direct grazing effects since chlorophyll a : pheopigments ratios, indirect index for grazing activity rather than grazing rates or herbivores biomass were used, the results from regression analysis showed that nutrients especially orthophosphates were positively correlated with the phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a : pheopigments ratios were also positively correlated with the phytoplankton biomass at lower coefficient of determination ($r^2$) compared to orthophosphates. The simulation results from ANN suggested that the bottom-up mechanisms including water temperature and availability of nutrients, especially orthophosphates were more important than top-down mechanisms such as grazing in the phytoplankton dynamics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1604-1618
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• 1995

In the process of mechanical assembly design, assembly modeling systems have been used mainly for the design verification before manufacturing by enabling to check the interference and/ or the dynamic and kinematic performance. However, the conventional assembly modeling systems have a shortcoming that they can not be used in the initial design stage but can be used only after the design is fully completed. In other words conventional assembly modeling systems provide bottom-up modeling which means that the detailed modeling of components must precede the definition of relationships between them. To resolve this problem, an assembly modeling system is proposed to provide a top-down modeling environment in which components and assembly can be modeled simultaneously. To this end, an assembly data structure suitable for top-down assembly modeling has been established. Feature positioning Module(FPM) using geometric constraints has been also developed. The Sekective Solving Method proposed for FPM is based on the priority between the constraint equations and enables the designer's intent expressed by geometric constraints to be maintained throughout the whole modeling process. Finally, the feature based modeling technique using two-level features has been developed. Two-level features include an abstract model and a detailed model in a merged form in non-manifold data frame.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.214-221
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• 2010

The search-results clustering problem is defined as the automatic and on-line grouping of similar documents in search results returned from a search engine. In this paper, we propose a new search-results clustering algorithm specialized for a paper search service. Our system consists of two algorithmic phases: Category Hierarchy Generation System (CHGS) and Paper Clustering System (PCS). In CHGS, we first build up the category hierarchy, called the Field Thesaurus, for each research field using an existing research category hierarchy (KOSEF's research category hierarchy) and the keyword expansion of the field thesaurus by a word clustering method using the K-means algorithm. Then, in PCS, the proposed algorithm determines the category of each paper using top-down and bottom-up methods. The proposed system can be used in the application areas for retrieval services in a specialized field such as a paper search service.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.355-370
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• 2020

We conducted a field survey to analyze the ecological structure and spatial distribution of microplankton (phytoplankton and ciliates) in relation to water masses at 21 stations on the surface and chlorophyll-a maximum layers (CML) in the Northern East China Sea (nECS; 32°-33°N; 124°00'-127°30'E) from August 3 to August 6, 2019. The results showed that the water masses were divided into Chinese Coastal Waters (CCW) and the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). The CCW showed the environmental characteristics of high temperature and low salinity, and the TWC showed high temperature and high salinity. The characteristics of the phytoplankton community in the CCW showed various community structures related to the nutrients supplied from the large rivers of the Chinese continent. However, the TWC had simple community structures because it originated near the equator and moved northward. The standing crops of phytoplankton and ciliates were very high in the CCW but showed low at the TWC. In particular, from the higher standing crops of protozoa than plant plankton at the TWC, the energy flow at the lower tropic levels caused by the microbial loop that fed on heterotrophic bacteria played an important role in the production of resource organisms. In other words, the marine ecological structure of the nECS in summer could be estimated as a bottom-up system at the CCW and a top-down system at the TWC.

• Review of Korean Society for Internet Information
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.68-77
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• 2013

This article consists of 3 parts. Part I is multi stakeholder approach on Internet governance system. Part II is analysis of the Korean Internet governance system. In this part, I explain relevant laws in Korea, including Korean Internet Address Resources Act. Part III is my suggestion on Korean Internet governance system using a multi stakeholder approach. First of all, the keyword of the Internet governance system is decision making process: that is, consensus based versus top-down approach. Then who are major players in Internet governance in national level? Government, or Private sectors such as business and civil society. Korean legal system for Internet governance shows a top-down decision making process. Major players are the government (that is, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) and KISA affiliated with the government. Other players include Internet Address Policy Committee, Korea Internet Governance Alliance, and NGOs. The key statute for Internet governance in Korea is Internet Address Resources Act of 2004. Articles 3 and 5 require the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning to take a proactive role in Internet governance. The government shall consult with the Internet Address Policy Deliberation Committee for Internet governance. Yet this Committee is established under the control of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. All members of this Committee are also commissioned or nominated by the Chairman of the Ministry. Meanwhile, there are also non-official organizations, including Sub-committee on Address & Infrastructure of Korea Internet Governance Alliance. I suggest to reform decision making process of Korean Internet governance system based on BOTTOM-UP process for CONSENSUS BASED DECISION. My suggested system includes the following: (1) The government hands over a major role in Internet governance to INDEPENDENT Internet policy organization. And the government participates in such organization as ONE of the players. (2) Nomination of this committee member must be bottom-up process for a genuine multi-stakeholder model including civil society, commercial organization, end-users and experts. (3) The government should establish plan for supporting the private sector's international activity on the long-term basis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.559-562
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• 2004

The methodologies to develop land use plans are divided into two different ways, top-down and bottom-up planning. The bottom-up method is more efficient and effective to detailed land use planning. However, it requires considerable amount of information about the present status of land use. Cadastral information system is one of the best information provider for the planning. Building Register Database shows the type, area, use and location of a building. Both cadastral and Building Register systems apparently contain useful information needed to the physical planning. The study focuses on developing a prototype to provide real time information for detailed physical planning by a federated database system using the two databases.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.26-30
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• 1996

The successful development of the automobile industry in Korea is the firstfruit of the epochmaking automobile policy in 1973: Top-Down mass production of Korean model cars. In Top-Down system, indigenous model, which is the most important and difficult part of the automobile industry, is devised first, followed by the mass production of the major parts, such as bodies, engines, etc. This system is in contrast to the prevailing Bottom-up system in the third-world, which assembles automobiles by gradually adding up simple domestic parts. The Government, faced with a vicious circle of depen- dence on assembly of foreign cars, high prices, small demand and low production, decided it was time to move to the mass production of the indigenous models. It was hoped that the efficiencies of low cost Korean models would be epochally improved by overcoming the sway of foreign models and by strengthening the production capabilities of the main parts. In contrast to these develop- ment planning, assembled vehicles numbered only 26,300 units in 1973. In the year of 1995, the total number of automobile production have already passed 2,534,000. As steady growth in worldwide demand is forecast, Korea will able to play a major role as an important automobile maker of the next century.