• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.768-772
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• 2006

To assess the dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) from soy sauces, the levels of 3-MCPD in commercial soy sauces were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty nine out of the 72 soy sauces tested contained a level of 3-MCPD below $0.3\;{\mu}g/g$, the maximum limit in Korea. The average concentration of the 72 samples was $0.080\;{\mu}g/g$ and the highest concentration was $3.131\;{\mu}g/g$. On the basis of the consumption data, 3-MCPD concentration and body weight, the estimated daily exposures to 3-MCPD were ranged from 0.037 to $0.146\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/day for 95th percentile exposed population groups. Our estimated daily exposures are significantly lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of $2\;{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day, which was established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

• 분석과학
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.595-606
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• 2010

4년 동안(2004-2007) 국내 유통중인 식품 총 221건을 구입하여 다이옥신류(PCDD/DF + 다이옥신유사 PCBs)를 동위원소희석법을 이용하여 분석하였고, 한국인의 다이옥신 1일 노출량을 산출하였다. 식품 중 다이옥신류의 검출량은 2004년과 2005년은 오염도 자료에 1998 WHO TEF값을, 2006년부터는 오염도 자료에 2005 WHO TEF값을 사용하여 다이옥신류 함량을 산출하였으며, 평균 검출량은 백미는 < 0.01 pg TEQ/g, 소고기 0.13 pg TEQ/g, 돼지고기 0.07 pg TEQ/g, 닭고기 0.04 pg TEQ/g, 우유 0.04 pg TEQ/g, 치즈 0.05 pg TEQ/g, 계란(노른자)는 0.13 pg TEQ/g, 수산물 중 고등어는 1.35 pg TEQ/g, 삼치 1.03 pg TEQ/g, 갈치 1.00 pg TEQ/g, 조기 0.16 pg TEQ/g, 명태 0.11 pg TEQ/g, 장어 0.52 pg TEQ/g, 굴 0.32 pg TEQ/g, 꽃게 0.14 pg TEQ/g 수준으로 조사되었다. 식품을 통한 한국인의 다이옥신류의 노출량은 체중 1 kg 당 1일 0.47 pg TEQ로 다이옥신류의 TDI (4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) 대비 약 11%수준으로 조사되었으며, 이 수준은 건강상 위해가 없는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2000

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) are various applied as chelating agents for metal ions, then they are widely used in many industrial processes and domestic products. A method is described for the determination of EDTA and NTA in water samples by GC/MS . The reaction temperature, reaction time and pH for esterification of EDTA and NTA were investigated using 10% sulfuric acid-methanol, ethanol and propanol. Optimum conditions were obtained by the esterification in 80$\^{C}$ for 1hr with ethanol. Method detection limits of ethylated EDTA and NTA in the 200 ml of water samples were 0.05 ng/ml, respectively, EDTA and NTA could be determined in the range of 0.05∼23.6 and 0.05∼7.0 ng/ml in treated water, and in the range of 0.06∼25.0 and 0.05∼6.40 ng/ml in raw water respectively. Risk assessments with EDTA and NTA exposure by drinking water ingestion were carried out. Based on the results of analysis, chronic daily intakes of EDTA and NTA would be less than the value of acceptable daily intake or tolerable daily intake.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2004

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in seventy marine organisms (40 species) from the Korean coast. PAHs were present in all the organisms. The level of total PAHs in the organisms varied from 0.45 to 224 ng/g dry weight and the carcinogenic PAHs varied from 0.05 to 49.8 ng/g dry weight. The PAHs residues according to the marine organisms showed a highest content in bivalve species, and followed by crustaceans, cephalopods, fish and gastropods. Human dietary intake of total PAHs through marine organism in Korea was estimated to be 4.12 ng/kg body weight/day and 0.67 ng/kg body weight/day for carcinogenic PAHs. The relative contributions of individual species to the total dietary intake of PAHs were in the order of bivalves $(53.4{\%})$, fish $(21.9{\%})$, crustaceans $(15.3{\%})$, cephalopods $(8.8{\%})$ and gastropods $(0.6{\%})$. Daily dietary intake of $PAH_{TEQ}$ expressed as a TEQ value was estimated to be 0.13 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, which did not exceed a tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the KFDA and the WHO as well as the UK toxicity committee. Lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of marine species by the Korean adult was evaluated using the equation estimating exposure of food ingestion. Although approximately $23{\%}$ of cumulative frequency of the sampled marine species exceeded the cancer risk guideline, lifetime cancer risk associated with marine organism consumption was negligible. Results indicate that dietary intake of PAHs through the consumption of the Korean marine organisms seems to be safe for human ingestion with negligible cancer risk.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2001

우리 나라에서 생산된 농산물의 중금속 함량을 조사하고 이를 국내외의 분석치 및 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 일일섭취허용량 및 잠정주간섭취허용량과 비교 ${\cdot}$ 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 곡류, 두류, 서류, 채소류 및 과실류 생체중의 중금속 평균함량 범위는 각각 Cd $0.010{\sim}0.073$, Cu $0.40{\sim}6.45$, Pb $0.083{\sim}0.698$, Zn $2.45{\sim}16.30$, Ni $0.171{\sim}1.378$, Cr $0.023{\sim}0.233$, As $0.026{\sim}0.070$ mg/kg이였으며, 이는 외국에서 조사한 결과와 유사한 수준이었다. 또한 농산물에 의해 섭취되는 중금속의 양도 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 1일 섭취허용량 및 잠정 주간 섭취허용량과 비교하면 허용기준보다 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 섭취되는 중금속 양으로 볼 때 우리나라에서 생산된 농산물은 중금속 안전성 측면에서 문제가 없을 것으로 생각된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.66-75
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• 2024

Heavy metals are naturally found in the ecosystem, and their presence in the freshwater river is increasing through anthropogenic activities which pose a threat to living beings. In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Ni) in different organs (muscle, skin, and gill) of fish from the Padma River were evaluated to quantify, and compare the contamination levels and related human health risks. The results revealed that the heavy metal concentrations in the water, surface sediments, and fish taken from the Padma River were far below the WHO/USEPA's permitted limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) value in muscle was less than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard indexes (HI) were less than 1, showing that consumers face no non-carcinogenic risk (CR). CR values of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni ranged from 4.00 × 10^-8 to 6.35 × 10^-6, less than 10^-4, and total carcinogenic risk (CRt) values ranged from 9.85 × 10^-6 to 1.10 × 10^-5, indicating some pose a CR from consumption of those fish from the Padma River. To establish a more accurate risk assessment, numerous exposure routes, including inhalation and cutaneous exposure, should be explored.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권sup권
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• pp.3-8
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• 2007

Sugars are a ubiquitous component of our food supply and are consumed as a naturally occurring component of many foods and as additions to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table. Most fruits and dairy products are high in sugars and thus naturally occurring sugars are consumed as part of a healthy diet. Some countries developed recommended daily intake figures(daily values : DVs or guideline daily amounts: GDA) for nutrients, and some countries, but not most have developed DV/GDA for total sugars. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans established by the Korean Nutrition Society in 2005, did not include the reference values for total sugar or added sugar. The committee on Dietary Reference Intakes for sugar was constituted in 2006 and discussed whether to special added sugars or total sugar. Although added sugars are not chemically or physiologically different from naturally occurring sugars, many foods and beverages that are major sources of added sugars have lower micronutrient densities compared with foods and beverages that are major sources of naturally occuring sugars. But it was so hard to calculate a dietary intake of added sugar for Korean people, because there was insufficient information about contents of added sugar during processing or preparation of Korean food. Currently Korean or US food labels contain information on total sugars per serving but do not distinguish between sugars naturally present in food and added sugars. Therefore the committee decided to set the reference value for total sugar for Koreans. According to the recommended diet pattern for Koreans suggested by the Korean Nutrition Society, estimated sugar intake from the sugar containing food based on 2,000 kilocalories is 67 g or 13% of total energy. Based on the data available on risk of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome from the analysis of Korean NHANES, it was insufficient evidence to set a UL for total sugar, but tended to increase serum LDL cholesterol and obesity at over 20-25% of energy from total sugar when consumed with high carbohydrates. Therefore the committee on Dietary Reference Intakes for sugar set the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total sugar as 10-20% of total energy intake.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.373-389
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate exposure level and risk of heavy metals in livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods. Based on the "Food Intake Data," a part of the 2005 National Health & Nutrition Survey and the "2005 Seasonal Nutrition Survey", 113 Korean foods items were selected. 3 samples from different manufacturers of each 113 items of Korean foods were purchased on summer and fall, so total 678 samples were used. The food groups were classified into 15 categories. For the livestock foodstuffs category, meats and poultry (chicken, pork, pork belly, beef, beef feet soup), milks and dairy products (milk, ice cream, liquid yoghourt, sherbet), eggs (egg) were selected. It was found that the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from livestock foodstuffs is 0.00020 arsenic, 0.00000 cadmium, 0.00020 lead, and 0.00006 mercury, and the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from Korean foods is 0.0265 arsenic, 0.0083 cadmium, 0.0067 lead, and 0.0028 mercury. Daily amount of heavy metals intake from livestock foodstuffs was low among the food groups. For risk assessment, PDI (Probable Daily Intake) was calculated and compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) of JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive). Relative hazard of these livestock foodstuffs was 0.006% in arsenic, 0.000% in cadmium, 0.085% in lead, and 0.149% in mercury. Relative hazard of Korean foods was 0.941% in arsenic, 14.676% in cadmium, 3.319% in lead, and 6.860% in mercury. Thus, livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods were as safe as satisfied with the recommended standards of JECFA.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2022

본 연구는 국내 유통 되는 식품용 유리제 총 110개 제품을 대상으로 유리제에서 식품으로 이행될 우려가 있는 납, 카드뮴 및 바륨에 대하여 이행량을 조사하고 안전성 평가를 실시하였다. 납, 카드뮴 및 바륨은 ICP-OES로 측정되었고, 시험법은 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 회수율, 정밀도 및 측정불확도 추정에 의해 검증되었다. 납과 바륨의 이행량은 각각 불검출 ~ 0.7949 mg/L 및 불검출 ~ 0.1823 mg/L 이었으며, 카드뮴은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 식이를 통한 이행물질의 일일추정섭취량 및 위해도를 확인한 결과 국내 유통되는 식품용 유리제는 안전하게 관리되고 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2013

Nitrate is a naturally occurring compound in plant and can be converted to nitrite in the nitrogen cycle and vice versa. Therefore, it is easy to find nitrate in plants including vegetables. Especially, it is known that high levels of nitrate found in leafy vegetables. Nitrate itself is relatively non-toxic but its metabolites and reaction products such as nitrite, nitric oxide and N-nitroso compounds, may produce adverse health effects such as methaemoglobinaemia and carcinogenesis. To execute the risk assessment of dietary nitrate and nitrite for the intake of vegetables, it is investigated that the levels of nitrate and nitrite in 23 vegetables (798 samples). The range of concentration were 0-6,719mg/kg for nitrate and 0-1,635mg/kg for nitrite, respectively. The Estimated daily intakes (EDI) were 0.85-1.38 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrate and 0.02-0.03 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrite by ages. We conclude that there are no health concerns for eating various vegetables since the EDI were below the Tolerable Daily Intake (3.7 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrate, 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrite) level established by WHO.