• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.190-192
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• 2009

Kainic acid (KA), an agonist for kainate and AMPA receptors, is an excitatory neurotoxic substance. Vitamin E such as alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol is a chain-breaking antioxidant, preventing the chain propagation step during lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we have investigated the neuroprotective effects of alphatocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol on KA-induced neuronal death using organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC). After 15h KA treatment, delayed neuronal death was detected in CA3 region. Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol increased cell survival and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells in CA3 region. These data suggest that alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol treatment have protective effects on KA-induced cell death

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2004

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate analytical method for determining the composition of agricultural products and feeds. This study was conducted to determine tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in rice bran by using NIRS system. Total 80 rice bran samples previously analyzed by HPLC were scanned by NIRS and over 60 samples were selected for calibration and validation equation. A calibration equation calculated by MPLS(modified partial least squares) regression technique was developed and coefficient of determination for tocopheyol and tocotyienol content were 0.975 and 0.984, respectively, in calibration sets. Each calibration equation was fitted to validation set that was performed with the remaining samples not included is the calibration set, which showed high positive correlation both in tocopherol and tocotrienol content file. This results demonstrate that the developed NIRS equation can be practically used as a rapid screening method for quantification of tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in rice bran.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.468-471
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• 2004

Tocotrienol $(T_3)$ and tocopherol (T) are well-known antioxidant vitamin E isomers that are enriched in rice bran, most of which is removed during polishing process. To verify the polishing-dependent fractional content of tocotrienol and tocopherol, harvested brown rice of 4 cultivars were polished by 4.0, 6.4, 8.0, 9.6, and $12\%$ (w/w) and resultant bran powder and rice were used for $T_3$ and T analysis. Polishing degree affected bran $T_3$ content in that bran polished by $6.4\%$ exhibited highest $T_3$ content compared to other polishing degrees except in cv. Chucheongbyeo which showed similar $T_3$ content from 4.0 to $8.0\%$ polishing. In case of tocopherol, bran polished by $8.0\%$ exhibited highest T content in all tested cultivars. In general, $T_3$ distributed in higher quantity in exterior i.e., in less polished bran, while T showed relatively less decrease with enhanced polishing degree. Consequently, total vitamin E content in bran as calculated by the summation of $T_3$ and T became less dependent on polishing degree in that bran polished between 6.4 to $9.6\%$ exhibited no statistical differences. The rice of cv. Chuchongbyeo, remained after polishing, exhibited similar vitamin E content up to $6.4\%$ polishing, above which significant vit E loss could be observed. These results suggest that polishing less than $6.4\%$ is desirable to minimize the loss of tocotrienols and tocopherols during polishing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.220-221
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• 2003

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

Vitamin E, consisting of tocotrienols ($\textrm{T}_3$) and tocopherols ($\textrm{T}$) is well-known nutraceutical compound for its antioxidant, anticancer and cholesterol-low-ering activity. The contents of alpha ($\alpha\textrm{-}$), beta ($\beta\textrm{-}$), gamma ($\gamma\textrm{-}$) and delta ($\delta\textrm{-}$) tocotrienols and tocopheyols in some Korean crop seeds were evaluated by using HPLC after saponification. Among tested crops, total 73 contents (mg/110g) were purple perilla 25.06, barley 4.50, corn 3.54, iris 3.04, adlay 2.58, safflower 0.12. Other crops including 5 soybean cultivars, kidneybean, sunflower and perilla contained no tocotrienols. Regarding $\textrm{T}_3$ isomers, $\beta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ were rut observed in adlay and corn, and $\delta$-$\textrm{T}_3$ were not in iris aid purple perilla, while safflower exhibited no detectable $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$. Total T contents (mg/100g) were high in iris (51.82), perilla (40.90), soybean (34.11), sunflower (20.88), and they all contained all $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$, $\gamma\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$ tocopterol isomers. Total Vit E contents (T ＋ $\textrm{T}_3$, mg/100g) were iris 54.86, purple perilla 41.80, perilla 40.90, soybean 34.11, sunflower 20.88, safflower 14.73, corn 11.49, evening-primrose 10.07, barley 7.48, adlay 6.24 and kidneybean 5.27.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1528-1531
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated a dose-dependent hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from grape seeds. After induction of hyperlipidemia for 4 weeks, rats were supplemented with different dose (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW/day) of TRF for 1 week. Oral administration of TRF (50 mg/kg BW/day) decreased the plasma triglyceride (TG, 162.6 mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC, 83.7 mg/dL), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C, 20.3 mg/dL), malondialdehyde contents (MDA, 3.3 nmol/dL), and atherogenic index (AI, 2.0) compare to high-fat diet group. These data suggest that TRF supplementation has significant health benefits through the modulation of physiological functions that include various atherogenic lipid profiles and antioxidative status in hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1289-1292
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to characterize and determine contents of vitamin E isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-tocopherols and tocotrienols) in different steamed rice dishes, with or without other grains. Five different rice dishes were evaluated for the vitamin E nutritional value as major Korean staple foods. They were plain steamed rice (SR) and steamed rice mixed with barley (SRBa), red bean (SRRB), black bean (SRBB), or multi-grains (SRMG) containing a mixture of black rice, barley, red beans, and black beans. Vitamin E isomers were extracted from five grams of freeze-dried samples with hexane after saponification. An analytical method, using a normal-phase HPLC with a UV detector, was developed and used to determine the amount of each vitamin E component. The results showed that SR contained three vitamin E isomers (alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocotrienol, and gamma-tocotrienol). Alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol were de-tected from all samples while only SRBB contained beta-tocopherol and beta-tocotrienol. SRMG showed the highest (3.9$\mu$g/g dry wt) and SRRB showed the lowest alpha-tocopherol (1.3$\mu$g/g dry wt) contents. SRBB contained about 5 to 16 times more gamma-tocopherol (19.7$\mu$g/g dry wt) than othe.5. These results suggested that adding black bean or multi-grains can dramatically improve the vitamin E nutritional values compared to the plain steamed rice (SR). Information obtained from this study can be directly related to the amount of vitamin E intake and can be used to balance the diet for Koreans.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2006

The tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of 39 vegetable oils, margarines, butters, and peanut butters typically consumed in the Korea diet were determined by direct solvent extraction method followed by normal phase liquid chromatography. All samples were locally obtained in the Cheongju area in 2003 and 2004. The study examined data on 19 vegetable oils, 10 margarines, 6 butters, and 4 peanut butters. ${\gamma}$-Tocopherol (${\gamma}$-T) and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\alpha}$-T) were detectable in all products except butters and were usually present in the vitamin E form in greater quantity than the other isomers. Usually, ${\gamma}$-T content was higher than ${\alpha}$-T content in many samples. Tocotrienols were measurable in some samples but usually at levels less than the corresponding tocopherols. Three analytical method validation parameters, accuracy, precision, and specificity, were calculated to ensure the method's validity and were all confirmed to be reliable and satisfactory.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.304-314
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• 2010

Vitamin E has been a generic term for all tocopherol and tocotrienol derivatives. The most active form of vitamin E isoforms in vivo is regarded to be $\alpha$-tocopherol which is the only form defined as vitamin E in the US Food and Nutrition Board, causing controversy over setting dietary reference intake (DRI) of vitamin E. However, most of the countries other than the US maintain the original concept that all isoforms are accepted as vitamin E but with different biopotency. The roles of the isoforms of vitamin E other than $\alpha$-tocopherol have received continuous attention. Among them those of $\gamma$-tocopherol and $\alpha$-tocotrienol have been most studied in comparison with $\alpha$-tocopherol, since $\gamma$-tocopherol comprises major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and those of the both vitamin E have been implicated in unique physiological functions. This review summarizes findings that have led a better understanding of vitamin E absorption, transport, tissue storage and various functions common and specific to vitamin E isoforms focusing $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherol as well as tocotrienols. It is expected to help redefining vitamin E and setting its DRI for Koreans.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.29.1-29.1
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• 2006