• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2009

in the cosmetics and medical supply field as a antioxidant material. The stable nano particle emulsion of skin toner type containing VEA was prepared. To evaluate the skin permeation, experiments on VEA permeation to the skin of the ICR outbred albino mice (12 weeks, about 50 g, female) and on differences of solubility as a function of receptor formulations was performed. The analysis of nano-emulsions containing VEA 0.07 % showed that the higher ethanol contents the larger emulsions were formed, while the higher surfactant contents the size became smaller.In this study, vitamin E acetate (VEA, tocopheryl acetate), a lipid-soluble vitamin which is widely used A certain contents of ethanol in receptor phase increased VEA solubility on the nano-emulsion. When the ethanol contents were 10.0 % and 20.0 %, the VEA solubility was higher than 5.0 % and 40.0 %, respectively. The type of surfactant in receptor solution influenced to VEA solubility. The comparison between three kind surfactants whose chemical structures and HLB values are different, showed that solubility of VEA was increased as order of sorbitan sesquioleate (Arlacel 83; HLB 3.7) > POE (10) hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-10; HLB 6.5) > sorbitan monostearate (Arlacel 60; HLB 4.7). VEA solubility was also shown to be different according to the type of antioxidant. In early time, the solubility of the sample including ascorbic acid was similar to those of other samples including other types of antioxidants. However, the solubility of the sample including ascorbic acid was 2 times higher than others after 24 h. Franz diffusion cell experiment using mouse skin was performed with four nano-emulsion samples which have different VEA contents. The emulsion of 10 wt% ethanol was shown to be the most permeable at the amount of 128.8 ${\mu}g/cm^2$. When the result of 10 % ethanol content was compared with initial input of 220.057 ${\mu}g/cm^2$, the permeated amount was 58.53 % and the permeated amount at 10 % ethanol was higher 45.0 % and 15.0 % than the other results which ethanol contents were 1.0 and 20.0 wt%, respectively. Emulsion particle size used 0.5 % surfactant (HCO-60) was 26.0 nm that is one twentieth time smaller than the size of 0.007 % surfactant (HCO-60) at the same ethanol content. Transepidermal permeation of VEA was 54.848 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ which is smaller than that of particlesize 590.7 nm. Skin permeation of nano-emulsion containing VEA and difference of VEA solubility as a function of receptor phase formulation were determined from the results. Using these results, optimal conditions of transepidermal permeation with VEA were considered to be set up.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.48-74
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• 1997

Retinlyl Palmitate, the skin normalizerm is useful to promote greater skin elasticity, to diminish lipid peroxidation and skin roughness following UV exposure, and promote a youthfulgeneral skin appearance. In manufacturing creams, Retinyl Palmitate, which is a derivative of retinol, is used since reionol is easily oxidized by heat and light. However, only a small mount of retinol, is used since using a large amount of it may be harmful to its stability. In this study, thermal stability and UV stability of W/O-, W/S-, O/W-, and MLV-type creams containing 5% of retinyl palmitate and 10% of tocopheryl acetate are measured by Chroma Meters, and the content of RP is quantitatively analyzed by HPLC at 25 $^{\circ}C$ and 45 $^{\circ}C$. Also, how RP has been changed by heat, light, etc. is measured by HPLC, and toxicity of the changed substance is studied. Particle size of each type of the cream if measured, cellular renewal is measured by using DHP and Chroma Meters in order to study their efficacy and effect, moisture content is measured by using Corneometer and Tewameter, and how much wrinkles are improved is studied by using Image Analyzer. Development of MLV-type cream containing 5% of RP and 10% of TA, and satisfying conditions for better creams has been successful.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes in the pancreas of diabetic KK mice. KK mice were fed high ft diet containing 20% corn oil(wt/wt), and sacrificed at 2 months of diabetes. A hish vitamin E diet consisted of the high fat diet supplemented with an excessive amount of 이-$\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate (2080IU/kg diet). The incidence of diabetes mellitus was 61% when mice were fed the high fat diet, but was 44% when mice were fed the high vitamin E diet, Vitamin E supplementation fhus seems to have the effect of decreasing of decreasing the onset of diaetes. In the diabetic group, we found increases of MDA (malondialdehyde) and antioxidative enzyme activities. Treatment with vitamin E did not modify the level of fasting blood glucose. However, MDA and antiosicative enzyme activities in diabetic mice were decreased by the high vitamin E diet. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation products suggests the occurrence of oxidative damage in the pancreas of diabetic mice. The increased level of antiosicative enzyme activities could be due to an adaptive response to conditions of increased peroxidative stress. Significant normalization on catalase activity was noted in vitamin E supplemented animals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.781-786
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on radical scavenger activity and immune responses in female judo athletes(n=18). The age and sex matched sedentary students were used as controls(n=15). The initial plasma vitamin E concentration, lipid peroxide level and radical scavenger activity (RSA) were not different between two groups. The supplementation of $\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate(400IU/d) for 4 weeks significantly increased plasma vitamin E concentration of the subjects in both groups. In addition, the decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS)(p<0.05) and enhancement of RSA(p<0.05) were observed in both groups. Percentages of total T-cells in the athletic group was lower than that in the control group(p<0.05). However, the ratio of CD4 / CD8(helper T-cal $l^pressor T-cell) was higher in the sports group, due to more decrease in CD8 subset than in CD4 subset. The concentrations of IgG and IgM in the sports group were significantly lower than those in the control group(p<0.05). Therefore, severe training of the athletic group seems to be associated with the changes of supplementation. In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation (400IU/d, 4 weeks) of the female university students improved antioxidative activities of the blood, by decreasing lipid peroxide and enhancing radical scavenger activity. Percentages of T lymphocytes and IgG and IgM concentrations in the athletic group were lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, vitamin E supplementation had no effects on immune status in both groups.ps.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 2006

This study examined the effects of vacuum packaging and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the meat quality of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol supplemented broiler chicks after prolonged refrigeration. The supplemented ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels had no effect on the body weight and feed efficiency. The dietary treatments and packaging methods had no significant effects on the level of microbial growth, lightness, and the metmyoglobin content. The vacuum packaging showed the highest level of purge loss. The broilers supplemented with either 200 or 400 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol had a lower level of malondialdehyde than the control group. The vacuum packaged meats from chicks fed the control diet showed the highest levels of lipid oxidation. The lipid oxidative stability was most improved in modified atmosphere (20% $CO_2$ + 80% $N_2$) packaged breast meat from the broilers supplemented with either 200 or 400 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1014-1018
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• 2004

Relationships between muscle $\alpha$-tocopherol oncentrations and metmyoglobin percentages during display of six muscles, m. serratus ventralis (SV), m. psoas major (PM), m. gluteus medius (GM), m. semimembranosus (SM), m. semitendinosus (ST) and m. longissimus lumborum (LL), of Japanese Black steers slaughtered at 28 months of age were studied. Steers were supplemented with 0, 2,000 and 4,000 mg $\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate/head/day for 28 days prior to slaughter in the VE 0, the VE 2,000 and the VE 4,000 groups, respectively. $\alpha$-Tocopherol concentrations in PM, GM, SM, ST and LL of the VE 2,000 and the VE 4,000 groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the VE 0 group. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations in all muscles between the VE 2,000 group and the VE 4,000 group. The muscle $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations ($\ell$/g meat) which can retard metmyoglobin formation in muscles were estimated to be 5.3 for SV, 4.5 for PM, 4.2 for GM, 4.0 for SM, 3.6 for ST and 3.5 for LL. The equation to predict color-shelf-life of each muscle from the $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration in each muscle could be obtained.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.543-550
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of deletion of vitamin and trace mineral premixes on growth, feed efficiency, backfat thickness, hemoglobin content, muscle vitamin E content, and fecal, serum and muscle trace mineral contents in finishing pigs raised under two different housing conditions. In Exp. 1, three pens (or experimental units) of five pigs each (average weight $\pm$ s.e., 70 $\pm$ 0.5 kg) were assigned to a control diet (with vitamin and trace mineral premixes) or diets with 50 or 100% of the premixes deleted. Pigs were fed to market weight under sub-optimal housing conditions with sawdust-covered concrete floor and no electrical ventilation. In Exp. 2, three pens of four pigs each (average weight $\pm$ s.e., 56 $\pm$ 1.1 kg) were assigned to a control (with vitamin and trace mineral premixes), Diet-P (100% of the premixes deleted) or Diet-P+E (Diet-P plus 100 mg $\alpha$-tocopherol acetate/kg diet fed for the last 2 wk before slaughter). Pigs were fed to market weight under optimal housing conditions with 70%-slatted concrete floor, electrical ventilation and temperature control. No significant differences were found in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain/feed among treatments in both experiments, but in Exp. 2 done with younger pigs, ADG and ADFI tended to be higher in the control group than in pigs fed diet without premixes. Hemoglobin content, hematocrit and red blood cell count were not influenced by the deletion of premixes. Backfat thickness was not different among treatments. Fecal Mn (twofold) and Zn (threefold) contents were higher in the control than in pigs fed diets without the premixes. Serum trace mineral contents were not influenced by diets. $\alpha$-Tocopherol content in gluteus maxima was decreased (P< 0.01) by deleting the dietary premixes, but increased to the level higher than the control by adding 100 mg $\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet fed for the last 2 wk before slaughter. Results indicate that: 1) supplementary vitamins and trace minerals may not be necessary for optimum growth in finishing pigs, and 2) deletion of the dietary premixes reduces muscle vitamin E content, but the reduced content can be reversed by adding $\alpha$- tocopherol to diets fed for the last 2 wk before slaughter. The deletion may help to alleviate the environmental load of certain minerals from manure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.848-858
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin A on the antioxidant status in ethanol-treated rats. Weaning rats were fed a basal diet until they reached about 160-180g body weight. Thereafter, four experimental groups were fed a liquid diet containing 36% ethanol of total calorie and four pair-fed groups were fed isocaloric sucorse instead of ethanol. Additionally, the liquid diet contained adequate amount of ${\beta}-carotene$, retinyl acetate, or 13-cis-retinoic acid except vitamin A deficient diet. The rats were sacrificed after 7 weeks of feedng periods. Significant decrease in hepatic vitamin E content was found in rats treated with chronic ethanol. However, dietary supplementation of retinyl acetate modified the change to some extent. Total vitamin C content of liver increased in vitamin A-deficient or ${\beta}-carotene$ groups with ethanol feeding. The ratio of reduced/oxidized vitamin C increased in the plasma and liver of ${\beta}-carotene$ group with ethanol feeding. Chronic ethanol intake did not change the total glutathione content of rat liver, but increased reduced glutathione(GSH)/oxidized glutathione(GSSG) ratio. This increase in hepatic GSH after chronic ethanol treatment. The changes of Se content in plasma and liver was not consistant. Fe content of liver increased by ethanol treatment, but this increase reduced in rats fed dietary retinyl acetate or 13-cis-retinoic acid. Fe content of plasma increased in vitamin A-deficient and ${\beta}-carotene$ supplemented groups with ethanol intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.252-256
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• 2007

This study was carried out to determine the effect of vitamin E and vitamin C on the performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared under heat stress during the growth and egg production period. A total of 810 seven-day-old Japanese quails were used in the trial. The birds received a diet with either three levels of vitamin E (DL-${\alpha}$Tocopheryl acetate) (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg of diet) and vitamin C (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg of diet). Live weight on day 35 and weight gain were the lowest in the group of chicks on a combination of 60 mg of vitamin E and 60 mg of vitamin C, whereas the highest live weight was demonstrated in chicks on a combination of 240 mg of vitamin E and 240 mg of vitamin C (p<0.01). The effects of treatments on cumulative feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, age at 5% lay, sexual maturity weight, rate of lay and mean egg weight values were found to be significant (p<0.01). The highest feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, age at 5% lay, sexual maturity weight, rate of lay and mean egg weight values were found in the group on a combination of 240 mg of vitamin E and 240 mg of vitamin C. The effect of treatments on the mortality ratio was found to be insignificant (p>0.01). The cost of supplementing diets with vitamin E and vitamin C is very low. Therefore such a combination of supplement can offer a potential protective management practice in preventing heat stress related losses in performance of Japanese quails.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1614-1618
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• 2003

Twenty crossbred (HF${\times}$Tharparkar) dry pregnant cows were divided into four equal groups. They were supplemented with 1,000 I.U. $\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate from 0 (group I), 15 (group II), 30 (group III) and 60 (group IV) days before parturition to 1month of lactation. All the cows were kept under similar feeding and management conditions. Blood plasma samples collected on specific days were analyzed for $\alpha$-tocopherol, retinol, total antioxidant activity (FRAP), immunoglobulin and calcium. Plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration at 30 days prepartum averaged 3.5, 4.1, 4.4 and $3.9{\mu}g/ml$ and decreased by 50.0, 41.4, 34.1 and 33.3 percent on the day of parturition in the four respective groups. After calving, plasma vitamin E started to recover earlier in groups II, III and IV as compared to group I. Mean plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration at 21 days postpartum was significantly higher in groups II, III and IV (2.9, 3.5 and $3.1{\mu}g/ml$) compared to group I ($1.9{\mu}g/ml$) cows. Plasma retinol concentration also showed a substantial decrease in all the groups on the day of calving but recovered to its normal value at 3 weeks postpartum. Plasma total antioxidant activity averaged 901, 895, 859 and $875{\mu}mol/l$ in the four respective groups on 30 days prepartum and decreased on the day of calving in all the groups, but the decrease was less in groups III and IV. Plasma immunoglobulin concentration was higher in group IV, followed by groups III, II and I, respectively, showing better immune status of vitamin E supplemented cows due to less oxidative stress. Supplementation of vitamin E resulted in higher plasma calcium concentration. The data showed that vitamin E supplementation should be started at least 30 days prepartum to reduce oxidative stress in periparturient cows.