• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 1994년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Korean Society of Plant Pathology
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• pp.50-61
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• 1994

Biological control of important fungal diseases such as Phytophthora blight of red pepper, gary mold rot of vegetables, and powdery mildew of many crops was attempted using an antagonistic bacterium, Bacillus sp. AC-1 in greenhouses and fields. The antagonistic bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy red pepper plant was very effective in the inhibition of mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi in vitro including Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, Valsa mali, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, Alternari mali, Helminthosporium oryzae, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Culture filtrate of antagonistic Bacillus sp. AC-1 applied to pot soils infested with Phytophthora capsici suppressed the disease occurrence better than metalaxyl application did until 37 days after treatment in greenhouse tests. Treatments of the bacterial suspension on red pepper plants also reduced the incidence of Phytophthora blight in greenhouse tests. In farmers' commercial production fields, however, the controlling efficacy of the antagonistic bacteria was variable depending on field locations. Gray mold rot of chinese chives and lettuce caused by Botrytis cinerea was also controlled effectively in field tests by the application of Bacillus sp. AC-1 with control values of 79.7% and 72.8%, respectively. Spraying of the bacterial suspension inhibited development of powdery mildew of many crops such as cucumber, tobacco, melon, and rose effectively in greenhouse and field tests. The control efficacy of the bacterial suspension was almost same as that of Fenarimol used as a chemical standard. Further experiments for developing a commercial product from the antagonistic bacteria and for elucidating antagonistic mechanism against plant pathogenic fungi are in progress.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1999

In order to protect fungal diseases, leaf disc explants of Solanum tuberosum cultivar, Belchip, was infected with an Agrobacterium MP90 strain containing chimeric gene construct, consisting of antibiotic resistance and chitinase gene driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, for transformation. Regenerated multiple shoots were selected on a medium containing kanamycin and carbenicillin after exposure to Agrobacterium. The presence and integration of the npt II and chitinase gene were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Northern blot analysis indicated that the genes coding for the enzyme could be expressed in potato plants. The chitinase activity of transgenic potato plants was higher than the control potato.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.278-282
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• 2006

Bacillus vallismortis EXTN-1, a biocontrol agent in cucumber, tomato and potato was tested in rice pathosystem against rice fungal pathogens viz. Magnaporthe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani and Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Apart from increasing the yield in the bacterized plants (11.6-12.6% over control), the study showed that EXTN1 is effective in bringing about disease suppression against all the tested fungal pathogens. EXTN-l treatment resulted in 52.11% reduction in rice blast, 83.02% reduction in sheath blight and 11.54% decrease in brown spot symptoms. As the strain is proven as an inducer for systemic resistance based on PR gene expression in Arabidopsis and tobacco models, it is supposed that a similar mechanism works in rice, bringing about disease suppression. The strain could be used as a potent biocontrol and growth-promoting agent in rice cropping system.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1974

A number of antibiotics and organic compounds were tested for their effect on the multoplication of tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) in floating leaf discs. 1)Among six antibiotics tested, kanamycin sulfate showed 24% or more inhibition to TMV multiplication under these experimental conditions. Aureomycin hydrochloride and chloramphenicol showed 19% and 14% inhibition respectively. 2)For screening of organic compounds two environments were used, a diffuse day- light environment (25 foot-candles and laboratory temperature) and an artificial light environment for 12 hours per day(300 foot-candles at 4 to $5^{\circ}C above laboratory temperature). A wide range of organic compounds increased virus multoplication in the diffuse daylight environment but had less effect, or ingibited virus multiplication, in the artificial light environment. 3)The following compounds were among the most effective in increasing TMV multiplication: glucose-1-phosphate, L-aspartic acid, glucose, and 5-bromouracil. The following compoumds were most effective in inhibiting TMT multiplication: thiouracil, uracil, DL-isoleucine, L-leucine, and zinc chloride.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2021

Two Diaporthe species isolated from fruit of Citrus sinensis in China were characterized based on morphology and multilocus phylogeny of ITS, tef1, and tub2 gene sequences. The phylogeny indicated that the two species match Diaporthe taoicola and D. siamensis. A critical examination of phenotypic characteristics confirmed the phylogenetic results. Diaporthe taoicola was morphologically characterized by producing Alpha conidia with tapering toward both ends. Meanwhile, D. siamensis produced cylindrical or ellipsoidal Alpha conidia with two oil drops. Pathogenicity tests revealed that both species were pathogenic to fruit of C. sinensis. To our knowledge, the two species were firstly reported on Citrus sinensis in China.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2001

Objective : To estimate the annual economic costs attributable to cigarette smoking in Korea. Methods : The costs were classified as being direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs and others. We focused on those costs related that are incurred in the treatment of selected diseases (cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancers), which have been proven to be caused by smoking. In addition to the basic costs of treatment, the additional amount of costs occurred due to smoking was obtained by computing the population attributable risk (PAR%) caused by smoking. To compute the PAR%, relative risks of smoking to the number of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and the death were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model, respectively. Our major data source was the 'Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) cohort study,' which was composed of a total of 115,682 male and 67,932 female beneficiaries who had complete records of their smoking histories in the year of 1992. Results : The annual costs that could be attributable to smoking were estimated to be in the range of 2,847,500 million Won to 3,959,100 million Won. The maximum estimate of 3,959,100 million Won includes 233,100 million Won for medical costs, 5,100 million Won for transportation costs, 27,600 million Won for care giver's economic costs, 69,100 million Won in productivity loss, 3,435,000 million Won lost because of premature death, 172,100 million Won in costs resulting from passive smoke inhalation and 17,100 million Won for costs that resulted from fires that were caused by careless smoking. Conclusion : Our study confirms that the magnitude of the economic burden of smoking to Korean society is substantial. Therefore, this study provides strong evidence that there is a strong need for a national policy of tobacco control in Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.210-217
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• 2011

Objectives: The rising burden of preventable risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adolescents is a major public health challenge worldwide. We identified the preventable risk factors for NCDs in adolescents. Methods: In a school-based study, pre-tested structured questionnaires were completed by 414 adolescents (14 to 17 years) at six schools in three cities in Pakistan. The chi-squared test and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated in a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: Over 80% of the adolescents had unhealthy diets, and 54% were physically inactive. Most adolescents were exposed to passive smoking, and 14% were also current smokers. More than one-third of participants chewed betel nut, and one-quarter used oral tobacco. More girls were physically inactive (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 2.69 to 6.17), whereas a greater proportion of boys were current smokers (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.91), exposed to passive smoking (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.72 to 3.83), and using betel nut (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.34 to 3.06). Only 3.1% of the participants were without any preventable lifestyle risk factor for NCDs, and over 80% had ${\geq}$2 factors. Co-existence of risk factors was independently associated with fathers being blue-collar workers (aOR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.07 to 11.92) and parents not treating their child fairly (aOR, 5.05; 95% CI, 1.29 to 19.78). Conclusions: Most of the adolescents studied had preventable risk factors for NCDs. These results warrant comprehensive and integrated interventions to prevent lifestyle risk factors, and parents are front-line stakeholders.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.6903-6908
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• 2015

Background: As smoking is the leading preventable cause of multiple diseases and premature cancer deaths, estimating the burden of cancer attributable to smoking has become the standard in documenting the adverse impact of smoking. In Indonesia, there is a dearth of studies assessing the economic costs of cancers related to smoking. This study aimed to estimate indirect mortality costs of premature cancer deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to smoking among the Indonesian population. Materials and Methods: A prevalence based method was employed. Using national data, we estimated smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 2013. Premature mortality costs and YPLL were estimated by calculating number of cancer deaths, life expectancy, annual income, and workforce participation rate. A human capital approach was used to calculate the present value of lifetime earnings (PVLE). A discount rate of 3% was applied. Results: The study estimated that smoking attributable cancer mortality was 74,440 (30.6% of total cancer deaths), comprised of 95% deaths in men and 5% in women. Cancers attributed to smoking wereresponsible for 1,207,845 YPLL. Cancer mortality costs caused by smoking accounted for USD 1,309 million in 2013. Among all cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of death and economic burden. Conclusions: Cancers related to smoking pose an enormous economic burden in Indonesia. Therefore, tobacco control efforts need to be prioritized in order to prevent more losses to the nation. The data of this study are important for advocating national tobacco control policy.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.412-427
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide a basis to recognize the health behaviors of middle-aged men that are constructive to a healthy life style. Data were collected from interview of questionnaires completed by 160 middle aged men living in Incheon from November 1 to 30, 2000. The questionnaires used in this study were obtained from publications on health related topics shown in literature review. These topics included : health concept, diseases, use of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, drug, exercise and diet, cause of stress and stress management. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. $47.5\%$ of Middle aged men thought of concept of health as a doing daily living pattern. 2. $38.5\%$ of the middle aged men had illness or disease, which included hypertension, gastritis, disc, peptic ulcer, indigestion and DM. 3. $55.6\%$ of the middle aged men smoked cigarettes. Most of them the began to smoke due interest. 4. $72.5\%$ of the middle aged men drank alcohol. Most of them began drinking due to peer pressure. 5. $81.2\%$ of the middle aged men consumed caffeine-containing products. 6. $59.4\%$ of the middle aged men took drugs. Most of the drugs were digestant. vitamins and analgesics. 7. $25.2\%$ of the middle aged men exercised more than 2 times per week. 8. Most of causes of stress were economic difficulties and sickness. The method of stress management were alcolhol and use of tobacco mostly.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2018

Background: This study aims to utilize Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data to identify macroscopic determinants of health at national level and to utilize it in health policy development through comparison and analysis with Korea. Methods: The potential years of life lost (PYLL) were used as dependent variables and 19 indicators were selected as health determinants to be independent variables based on the results of previous studies. Data analysis was done using SAS ver. 9.4 package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and model used in technical statistics concerning PYLL by countries, multi-linearity test between independent variables and OECD economic studies were modified and used. Results: From 1994 to 2012, the average PYLL for OECD countries was 4,262.9 years, the highest in Estonia and the lowest in Iceland. As a result of the analysis using the fixed effect model, the significant variables affecting PYLL were four variables: gross domestic product, nitric oxide, tobacco consumption, and number of doctors. The health determinants that had more influence on the PYLL of Korean people compared to other OECD countries were tobacco consumption, calorie consumption, fat intake and total health expenditure. Conclusion: In order to effectively reduce unnecessary deaths, we must continue to strengthen our smoking policy and nutrition policies such as calorie and fat intake. It is necessary to prevent the increase of total health expenditure due to the increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and to strengthen the public health aspect.