• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.298-303
• /
• 1995

We have inserted epidural catheter for single or continuous injection of a drug for epidural analgesia. It is important to localize the tip of epidural catheter in appropriate site to acquire the most effective analgesia. In epidural block, we observed course and location of the tip of epidural catheter. Subject: 70 patients were divided into group I(non-injection of saline group during catheter insertion) and group II(injection group during catheter insertion). Group I included cervical(n=20), thoracic(n=10), and lumbar(n=20) epidural group. Group II, cervical(n=10), and lumbar(n=10) epidural group. Method: 19G FlexTip $Plus^{TM}$ Epidural Catheter ($Arrow^{(R)}$) was inserted 10cm cephaladly in epidural space with(group II) or without(group I) saline flushing. We observed course and location of the tip of epidural catheter by C-arm image intensifier during injection of contrast media ($Omnipaque^{(R)}$). Result: In group I, the number of tips of epidural catheters located within 2 cm from inserted site were: cervical 14/20(70%), thoracic 2/10(20%). lumbar 16/20(80%). In thoracic epidural blocks, tips of epidural catheters were more cephaladly located than with cervical and lumbar epidural blocks. With cervical epidural blocks, the number of tips of epidural catheters located within 2 cm from insertion site were less in group II than group I (20% vs. 70%). But no significant differences were noted between group I and group II with lumbar epidural block(90% vs. 80%). The number of tips of epidural catheters located around a predicted site were: cervical 2/20(10%), thoracic 4/10(40%), lumbar 0/20(0%) in group I, and cervical 2/10(20%), lumbar 1/10(10%) in group II. Conclusion: It was impossible to predict the exact location of tips of epidural catheters by measuring the inserted length without epidurogram. With many cases, tips of epidural catheters were located around the insertion site in lumbar epidural blocks, and in some cases around the predicted site in thoracic epidural blocks. The results suggests that epidural block should be done at a point near the required band of analgesia.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2013.05a
• /
• pp.439-440
• /
• 2013

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2003.07a
• /
• pp.867-869
• /
• 2003

Vacuum tube arrays (VTA) with a submicron dimension were fabricated by using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nano-templates. The field emission characteristics of Ni nanowires show a turn-on voltage in the range of 11.0-14.0 V and a field enhancement factor in the range of 560-2790. The distance between the tips of Ni nanowires and the anode was much smaller than that between the tips and the anode of conventional designs.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.227-230
• /
• 2018

Septal myectomy is the gold-standard treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, it involves the risk of incomplete resection of septal muscles or iatrogenic septal perforation depending on the surgeon's practice. Herein, we suggest a few tips for successful septal myectomy and present a relevant case.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.573-574
• /
• 2017

When a newly inducted plastic surgery resident embarks on maxillofacial surgery, with drills, screws, plates and burrs, it seems like a new domain altogether. As a new resident, it is truly fascinating as to how such wide variety of bony work is done without scarring over the face. Here we discuss a few practical tips which the author has learned during his surgical sojourn in residency. It is hoped that the readers who are new to maxillofacial surgery, shall find these useful.

• 대한치과보철학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2001.04a
• /
• pp.23-23
• /
• 2001

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
• /
• no.1 s.109
• /
• pp.20-24
• /
• 1986

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.126-128
• /
• 1994

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.59 no.4
• /
• pp.498-504
• /
• 2014

Potato virus Y (PVY) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) are among the most damaging potato viruses and prevalent in most potato growing areas. In this study, cryopreservation was used to eradicate PVY and PLRV using two cryogenic methods. Potato shoot tips proliferated in vitro were cryopreserved through droplet-vitrification and encapsulation-vitrification using plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2; 30% glycerol + 15% dimethyl sulfoxide + 15.0% ethylene glycol + 13.7% sucrose) and modified PVS2. Both cryogenic procedures produced similar rates of survival and regrowth, which were lower than those from shoot tip culture alone. The health status of plantlets regenerated from shoot tip culture alone and cryopreservation was checked by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of virus-free plants regenerated directly from highly proliferating shoot tips reached 42.3% and 48.6% for PVY and PLRV, respectively. In comparison, the frequency of PVY and PLRV eradication after cryopreservation was 91.3~99.7% following shoot-tip culture. The highest cryopreserved shoot tip regeneration rate was observed when shoot tips were 1.0~1.5 mm in length, but virus eradication rates were very similar (96.4~99.7%), regardless of shoot tip size. This efficient cryotherapy protocol developed to eliminate viruses can also be used to prepare potato material for safe long-term preservation and the production of virus-free plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2013.02a
• /
• pp.379-379
• /
• 2013

본 논문에서는 Normal ink jetting 공법으로 OTFT를 제작할 때 coffee stain effect에 의해서 반도체 소자의 특성이 저하되는 것을 극복하기 위해서 동일한 위치에 동일한 부피로 Droplet을 형성하는 Multiple ink jetting 공법을 통해 TIPS pentacene 결정의 Morphology와 전기적 특성이 어떻게 변화하는지 알아 보았다. Multiple ink jetting의 drop 횟수가 증가할수록 coffee stain effect에 의해서 형성된 가운데 영역의 Dendrite grain이 점점 작아지다가 7 Drops 이후로는 Big grain 만 남게 되었다. Active layer의 표면 Roughness는 drop 횟수가 증가할수록 낮아지다가 일정 count 이후로는 다시 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 전계 이동도(mobility)는 drop 횟수가 증가할수록 커지다가 일정 count 이후로는 saturation되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Multiple ink jetting에 의해서 만들어진 OTFT 소자의 전계 이동도(mobility)는 1 drop과 10 drops에서 각각 0.0059, 0.036 cm2/Vs 로 6배 정도 차이가 있었다. 이것은 첫 drop에 의해 만들어진 가운데 Dendrite grain 영역이 Multiple ink jetting을 반복하면서 점점 작아지게 되어 사라지고 두꺼운 Grain 영역만 남게 된 것으로 판단된다. Vth 와 On/Off ratio는 1 drop과 10 drops에서 각각 -3 V, -2 V 그리고 $3.3{\times}10^3$, $1.0{\times}10^4$를 보였다. OTFT의 substrate로 Flexible한 polyethersulfone (PES) 기판을 사용하였고, 절연체로 Spin coating된 Poly-4-vinylphenol (PVP)가 사용되었으며, Gate 및 Source/Drain 전극은 Au를 50 nm 두께로 증착하였다. Channel의 width와 length는 각각 100 um, 40 um 였고, Gate 전극 위에 Active layer를 형성한 Bottom gate 구조로 제작되었다. Ink jet으로 제작된 TIPS pentacene의 결정성은 x-ray diffraction (XRD)와 광학 현미경으로 분석하였고 Thickness profile은 알파스텝 측정기를 이용하였으며, OTFT의 전기적 특성은 Keithley-4,200을 사용하여 측정하였다.