• 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2000

Timing in speech is determined by many factors. In this paper, we introduce and discuss some factors that have generally been regarded as important in speech timing. They include stress, syllable structure, consonant insertion or deletion, tempo, lengthening at clause, phrase and word boundaries, preconsonantal vowel shortening, and compensation between segments or within phonological units (e.g., word, foot), compression due to the increase of syllables in word or foot level, etc. and each of them may playa crucial role in the structuring of speech timing in a language. But some of these timing factors must interact with each other rather than be independent and the effects of each factor on speech timing will vary from language to language. On the other hand, there could well be many other factors unknown so far. Finding out and investigating new timing factors and reinterpreting the already-known timing factors should enhance our understanding of timing structures in a given language or languages.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.41-66
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• 2007

This paper develops a model of the export timing and export performance of venture firms by drawing by resource based view and born-global firm theory. The model aims at explaining the role of internal resources of small new venture firms and environment factors in accelerating the firm's export timing and achieving export growth. Hypothesses were developed around the following factors: management characteristics in terms of CEO's foreign experience and export commitment; organizational characteristics in terms of technological competence and marketing competence, and inter-functional cooperation; and finally environmental factors in terms of domestic and market attractiveness and foreign market attractiveness influence both the export timing and export performance. Structural equation modeling analysis by using 214 small new ventures provides a partial supports for the hypotheses. The result showed that technological competence have an influence on early export timing and that CEO's foreign experience and export commitment, technological competence and foreign market attractiveness are related export performance significantly. It also showed the significant relationship between export timing and export performance.

• 게임&엔터테인먼트 논문지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

애니메이션에 있어서 Movement의 표현은 작품을 형성하는 중요한 요소 중의 하나이다. 실사영화에서 배우의 움직임이나 모션캡처에서 얻어지는 테이터에 의존하는 일련의 Movement의 표현과는 달리 애니메이션에서에서는 애니메이터의 경험에 의해서 모든 것이 결정이 된다. 캐릭터의 움직임을 표현하는데 있어서 가장 중요한 요소들 중 하나가 타이밍표현이며 연출상황을 정확히 파악하고 타이밍을 표현하는 것이 애니메이션을 시각적으로 더욱더 풍성하게 하고 캐릭터에 감정을 이입하는 기본적인 방법이다. 이 논문에서는 애니메이션에서의 타이밍표현의 기본 원리를 밝히고 카메라각도에 따라 변하는 타이밍의 변화를 실험 비교하여 가장 이상적인 타이밍 표현 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2019

This paper analyzes the design factors for GNSS anti-jamming receiver system in which the adaptive beamforming algorithm is applied in GNSS receiver system. The design analysis factors used in this paper are divided into three: antenna, beamforming algorithm, and operation environment. This paper analyzes the above three factors and presents numerical simulation results on antenna and beamforming algorithm.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.675-689
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 앙상블 경험적 모드 분해법을 우리나라에 적용하여 봄 시작일을 정의하고, 이에 대한 시 공간적인 변화를 분석하였으며, 봄 시작일의 변동성을 분석하여, 봄 시작일에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하였다. 우리나라 평균 봄 시작일은 3월 11일로 나타났고, 연구기간 동안 2.6일/10년으로 빨라졌다. 봄 시작일은 일반적으로 위도와 고도가 높아짐에 따라, 그리고 해안에서 내륙으로 갈수록 늦게 나타났다. 우리나라 봄 시작일에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 상관분석을 수행하였고, 전구평균기온, 북극진동(Arctic Oscillation, AO), 시베리아 고기압이 우리나라 봄 시작일과 유의한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 봄 시작일에 영향을 미치는 지수들을 대상으로 다중회귀분석을 수행하였고, 세 가지 변수가 모두 입력된 모형은 64.7%의 설명력을 나타냈다. 다중회귀분석의 결과 봄 시작일에 미치는 영향은 전구평균기온이 가장 크고, AO가 그 다음으로 나타났다. 우리나라 봄 시작일에 영향을 미치는 종관적인 요인을 파악하기 위해 기압장 및 바람장을 분석한 결과, 시베리아 고기압, 알류샨 저기압, 상층 기압골의 강도 및 위치에 따른 북풍계열 바람의 강도가 봄 시작일을 결정하는 주요 원인인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.122-129
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• 1996

The spark timing is one of major parameters to the engine performance and emissions. The ECU controls the spark timing based on preset values, which are functions of load and speed, in most of today's automotive SI engine. In this system, the preset spark timing can be different from optimum value due to the deviations from mass production, aging effects and so on. In the present study, a control logic is investigated for real time adaptation of spark timing to optimal value. It has been found that crank angle of miximum cylinder pressure is one of the appropriate parameters to estimate the optimum spark timing throught experiment. It has also been observed for spark timing convergence by variation of engineering model factors. The simulation program including engineering model for cycle by cycle variation of combustion is developed for surveying spark timing control logic. It is also shown that simulation results reflect experiment outputs and reasonableness of spark timing control logic for crank angle of maximum cylinder pressure.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2021

Objectives: Previous pandemics have demonstrated that several demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors may play a role in increased infection risk. During this current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, our aim was to examine the association of timing of lockdown at the county level and aforementioned risk factors with daily case rate (DCR) in the United States. Methods: A cross-sectional study using publicly available data was performed including Americans with COVID-19 infection as of May 24, 2020. The United States counties with >100 000 population and >50 cases per 100 000 people were included. The independent variable was the days required from the declaration of lockdown to reach the target case rate (50/100 000 cases) while the dependent (outcome) variable was the DCR per 100 000 on the day of statistical calculation (May 24, 2020) after adjusting for multiple confounding socio-demographic, geographic, and health-related factors. Each independent factor was correlated with outcome variables and assessed for collinearity with each other. Subsequently, all factors with significant association to the outcome variable were included in multiple linear regression models using stepwise method. Models with best R² value from the multiple regression were chosen. Results: The timing of mandated lockdown order had the most significant association on the DCR per 100 000 after adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, geographic and health-related factors. Additional factors with significant association with increased DCR include rate of uninsured and unemployment. Conclusions: The timing of lockdown order was significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the United States.

• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제34S권7호
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• pp.28-38
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• 1997

Previously, we have proposed the M-BECM(Modified-Band Edge Component Maximization), which is a symbol synchronization algorithm based on spectral line method for all-digital high speed digital communications. However, Until now, the characteristics of the timing detector based on the spectral line method including M-BECM was not analyzed, particularly the effect of a timing offset at the optimal convergence pont. In this paper, we analyze the timing dtector's characteristics of the M-BECM and present optimal design value. First, the expression for the timing detector's mean value(often called its S-Curver) as a function of the normalized symbol timing offset is derived. Next, the P $D_{bias}$, the value for compensating the timing offset at an optimal convergence point, and the bandwidth of bandpass filter in the timing detector are calculated. It is also shown and analyzed that the P $D_{bias}$ is affected by varuous factors such as the excess bandwidth of input signal, frequency offsets, noise and particularly, the excess bandwidth of input signal is a major parameter to decide P $D_{bias}$. Finally, analytic resutls are compared to simulation results.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제38권5호통권372호
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• pp.452-465
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• 2000

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.763-768
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• 2006

Emission reduction in the cold start period of SI engines is crucial to meet stringent emission regulations such as SULEV Emissoin reduction is the starting point of the study in the which the variable valve timing (VVT) technology may be one promising method to minimize cold start emissions while maintaining engine performance. This is because it is possible to change valve overlap and residual gas fraction during cold start and idle operations. Our previous study showed that spark timing is another important factor for reducing cold-start emissions since it affects warm-up time of close-coupled catalysts (CCC) by changing exhaust gas temperature. However, even though these factors may be favorable for reduction of emissions, they may deteriorate combustion stability in these operating conditions. This means that the two variables should be optimized for best exhaust emissions and engine stability. This study investigated the effects of valve and spark timings in idle performance such as combustion stability and exhaust emissions. Experiments showed that valve timings significantly affected engine stability and exhaust emissions, especially CO and $NO_x$, due to change in residual gas fraction within the combustion chamber. Spark timing also affects HC emissions and exhaust gas temperature. Yet it has no significant effects on combustion stability. A control strategy of proper valve timing and spark timing is suggested in order to achieve a reduction in exhaust emissions and a stable operation of the engine in a cold start and idle operation.