• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.15-24
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• 2020

With the development of the chemical industry, the chemical accident is increasing every year, thereby increasing the risk of accidents caused by chemicals. The Ministry of Environment provides the criteria for determining shelter-in-place or outdoor evacuation by material, duration of accident, and distance from the toxic substance leak. However, it is hard to say that the criteria for determining the transition point are not clear. Transition point mean the time that evacuation method is switched from shelter-in-place to outdoor evacuation. So, the purpose of this study was to calculate appropriate transition point by comparing the cumulative toxic load. Namdong-gu in Incheon Metropolitan City was finally selected as the target area, considering the current status of the population of Incheon Metropolitan City in 2016 and the statistical survey of chemicals in 2016. The target materials were HCl, HF, and NH₃. Modeling was simulated by ALOHA and performed assuming that the entire amount would be leaked for 10 min. Residents' evacuation scenarios were assumed to be shelter-in-place, immediate outdoor evacuation, and outdoor evacuation at an appropriate time after shelter-in-place. Based on the above method, the appropriate transition point from residents located in A(800 m away), B(1,200 m away), C(1,400 m away) and D(2,200 m away) was identified. In HCl, appropriate transition point was after 15 min, after 16 min, after 17 min, after 20 min in order by A, B, C and D. In HF, appropriate transition point was before 1 min or after 16 min, before 4 min or after 19 min, before 5 min or after 20 min, before 14 min or after 26 min in order by A, B, C and D. In NH₃, appropriate transition point at A was before 4 min or after 16. Others are not in chemical cloud. This study confirmed the transition point to minimize the cumulative toxic load can be obtained by quantitative method. Through this, it might be possible to select evacuation method quantitatively that cumulative toxic load are minimal. In addition, if the shelter-in-place is maintained without transition to outdoor evacuation, the cumulative toxic load will increase more than outdoor evacuation. Therefore, it was confirmed that actions to reduce the concentration of chemicals in the room were necessary, such as conducting ventilation after the chemical cloud passed through the site.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2002

This paper explores whether there is correlation between consonants' place and duration of adjacent vowels in English and Korean. The results showed that in English the vowels preceding alveolar stops were in general longer than the vowels before bilabial or velar stops. Consonants appeared to have their inherent length due to their place and to exhibit some compensatory effects on the duration of preceding vowels. This effect can be explained in a physiological term that the tongue tip is the organ which might be more agile in articulatory movement than the tongue body for the velars or the lower lip (and the jaw) for the bilabials is and the shorter production time of the alveolars caused the lengthening of the adjacent vowels. However, this physiological account did not hold in the case of Korean, which exhibited less consistent patterns across speakers for the consonants' place and the vowel duration. The segmental duration seemed to be timed quite consistently within a language but the pattern was not universal across languages.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.37-57
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• 2017

An arbitrator in Pakistan is required to file an arbitral award in a civil court of competent jurisdiction for its recognition and enforcement if an arbitral award is domestic or before the concerned High Court if the arbitral award is international. The court of law is required to issue a decree upon submitted arbitral award if an interested party do not apply for modification or remission of an arbitral award and do not challenge it for setting it aside or for revocation of its recognition and enforcement within a prescribed time limit. The challenging process of an arbitral award can be started by the aggrieved party of an arbitration agreement at the seat of arbitration or at the place where recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award is sought. The aggrieved party to an arbitration agreement is required to challenge an arbitral award within a prescribed time limit if contracting parties have not excluded the right to challenge an arbitral award. Limitation for challenging an arbitral award in Pakistan is 30 days under article 158 of the Limitation Act 1908, starting from the date of service of notice of filling of an arbitral award before the court of law. Generally, 90 days are given for an appeal against decision of the civil court of law under section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, it is therefore highly recommended that challenging time of an arbitral award should be increased from 30 to 90 days.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.13-20
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• 2008

The sense of place at school environment becomes more important as children increasingly spend more time in school and children's attachment to the environment affects the cognition development of children. The goal of this research is to identify characteristics that enhance the sense of place for children in outdoor space and check the possibilities of forming it in the school environments. Through the analysis of design document and design report for schematic design of elementary school which is executed through Korean Institute of Educational Facilities between 2002-2005, 47cases from 32elementary schools are analyzed. As a result it is found that designers tend to orient towards the visual aspects compared to other invisible aspects such as thermal comfort and participation of children, which is extracted as a key characteristics of forming a sense of place for children. More attention is required to enhance the sense of place in school environment to support the child development in everyday space.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.77
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• pp.1-22
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• 2018

Under CISG the places of delivery by the seller of the goods are: If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place and the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods, the seller has to hand the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer. However, if the contract does not involve carriage of the goods, he has to place them at the buyer's disposal at the place where, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, both the seller and the buyer knew that the goods were at, or were to be manufactured or produced. This rule applies when the contract relates to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced. Finally, in ant other cases the seller has to place the goods at the buyer's disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract. As to time of delivery, if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, the seller has to deliver the goods on that date. If a period for delivery is fixed by or determinable from the contract, he has to deliver the goods on any date within that period. In this way the seller chooses the specific date of delivery within that period, while circumstances indicate otherwise that the choice is to be made by the buyer. There no such date or period, the seller has to deliver the goods within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract. If the seller delivers the goods before such the date or period, the buyer is entitled to take delivery or refuse to take delivery. Under these backgrounds of provisions of CISG, this study first suggests the concepts of the handing over of the goods by the seller to the carrier and the placing them at the buyer's disposal. Then it goes further to looks into exactly where and when the delivery has to occur. In these context, this study more examines what happens if there is a breach of contract by the seller in connection with the delivery. That is, if the seller delivers non-conforming goods or at wrong place; what if there is a partial delivery or a premature delivery.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.187-199
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to understand the weekend couples' type of residence, and to identify the factors to determine their major living place. Specifically, this study dealt with the weekend couples' psychological costs and rewards when they live apart in weekdays. The data were collected from 33 married couples from 2002 June to July about their family life history. The major findings of this study were summarized as follows: 1) the type of living together ; husband living apart on weekdays, wife living apart on weekdays, wife and child living apart on weekdays, living multi-residence. The majority of them were the type of husband living apart on weekdays. 2) children's care and education were an important factor in a couple's decision 3) weekend couples' psychological costs were such as difficulties of children's care, very fatiguing, shortage of time, and emotional isolation. In spite of all these costs, weekend couples still maintain their separate living arrangements during the week. They felt different kind of psychological costs by the type of living together. 4) psychological rewards were professional success, self-fulfillment, plenty of time to use purposely, and weekenders' relationships to their spouses might seem better than before. Socialization of child-care and household-labor are important factors to reduce psychological costs for the all weekend couples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 2010

Purpose: This study is descriptive research that confirms breakfast eating habit of woman's college students and related factors. Methods: This investigation took place in August 2010 and was participated 142 students of one woman's college which located in a large city. The contents of the questionnaire consists of general trait, diet trait, life patterns and health states. Results: According to the results of uni-variate analysis, the significant variables of breakfast eating habit are: Recognition of importance of breakfast, spare time before attendance, her parents's breakfast eating habit, times of snack, times of eating out and index of food life style. But, according to the results of multi-variate analysis, the number of the significant variables became narrow and they were: Recognition of importance of breakfast, spare time before attendance and her father's breakfast eating habit. Conclusion: Finally, it can be said that the breakfast eating habit of woman's college student is related to recognition of importance of breakfast, spare time before attendance and her father's breakfast habit strongly. It is necessary to emphasis on the recognition of the importance of breakfast and concerns of parents for breakfast eating habit to improve the regularity of breakfast eating habit for woman's college students' health.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-79
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• 2000

This study to study and analyze the current state of infancy breast-feeding ＆ practice and related factors and to provide basic data for the effective practice of breast-feeding and breast-feeding percentage improvement. For the object, 474 mothers of the infants who were born between Jan. 1, 1998 and Dec. 31, 1998 were selected, and the survey period ＆ method were from Oct. 15, 1999 through Nov. 14, 1999 (1 month period) and telephone interview, respectively. To examine by month breast-feeding type, the average breast-feeding percentage in 1 month after a child's birth was 42.4%, but after 6 month it decreased to 23.0%. To see breast-feeding percentage by academic background, the breast-feeding of elementary school graduated mothers was 33.3%, which was highest, and it decreased as the academic background of mothers went better (p〈0.01). By employment state, the percentage for the mothers who were not employed was higher (24.6%) than that of those who were employed at the time, which was 8.0% (p〈0.001). There was no meaningful difference found in breast-feeding percentage by infant mothers age, delivery place, infant sex, child order in family, weight at the time of birth. To examine breast-feeding percentage by delivery method, natural delivery was 27.0% which was higher than 13.1% of Caesarean section (p〈0.01), and by breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital, 35.6% of those who have breast-fed were breast-feeding while it was 16.4% for those who never did it while in the hospital (p〈0.001). After conducting logistics multi return analysis having breast-feeding percentage as a variable at the time of 6 months after babys birth, I found that infant mothers employment state, delivery method, and breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital become meaningful variables. As unemployed mothers (p〈0.05), as chose natural delivery (p〈0.05), as experienced breast-feeding before leaving the hospital (p〈0.001), there was more tendency to do breast-feeding. Summing the above results, I would like to suggest the following to raise breast-feeding percentage. Firstly, systematic education about the importance and advantages of breast-feeding and correct breast-feeding method should be practised for women. Secondly, vacation before and after childbirth for working women should be practised and the support of systems for working womens breast-feeding such as installation of nursery in work place are needed. Thirdly, continuous publicity and education for natural delivery inducement is necessary, and for the ones who chose Caesarean section, recommendation of breast-feeding is also needed. Fourth, for breast-feeding within fastest time after delivery, rooming-in required and legal and systematic support is also needed. Lastly, in the governmental level, publicity for breast-feeding and breast-feeding recommending programs that promotes 10 rules for successful breast-feeding bringing-up, provided by UNISEF and WHO, are to be provided.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2015

10 years ago, in Sijeon-ri, Dogo-myeon, Asan-si, the existing stream was repaired to develope Mt. Dogo trail and irrigation systems through road expansion pavement construction and small stream repair construction. The trees such as persimmon and willow are eliminated that rowed on both sides of the stream and dredging work to dig the rock and sand have been performed. As a result, wide asphalt road was built, also flood damage worries were reduced. 10 years passed and now, how did local residents think about the stream repaired before and after? Village residents, public officials, and the stream construction engineer were interviewed. Villagers indicated a problems that brook became a place where water peppers were taking over and water was stagnating due to the slow velocity so nothing could live and natural landscape like a wash place and the cascade disappeared, because rock and sand were taken out brought soil into the brook. Public officials and engineers were aware of the problems at the time of the stream. Now that construction is completed after 10 years, Both realistically and budgetary to restoration would be difficult. However, it is necessary to seek for waterfront space which can be restored or replaced by a part of the stream like similarly before. In addition, it is necessary to restore to the progression of a natural stream which connect with stairs(or slope) - small waterfalls - pools - wash place. In this paper, we hope to take a lesson from the Sijeon-ri model and make rural stream construction be prepared with consideration about not only distinct characteristics of specific area but also the opinion of local resident.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.07d
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• pp.2600-2602
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• 2001

The laboratory time for students in engineering has to be managed in that way that it provides students width maximal practice hours. However, it usually takes too much time to learn basic knowledge for the experiment and the directions of the equipment. In this paper, we introduce the web contents which students can study basic knowledge the directions of the equipment without regard to time or place. As the result that we let students study the contents before the class, they were easily adapted to handle the equipments for the experiment so that we can revise their execution abilities. And also there were effects such as reducing the total experiment's time and a rate of damage of equipment.