• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2017

The anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is well-known as a major plant pathogen that primarily causes fruit rot in pepper and reduces its marketability. Thirty-five isolates representing species of Colletotrichum were obtained from chili fruits showing anthracnose disease symptoms in Chungcheongnam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. These 35 isolates were characterized according to morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence data of internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, and ${\beta}$-tubulin. The combined dataset shows that all of these 35 isolates were identified as C. scovillei and morphological characteristics were directly correlated with the nucleotide sequence data. Notably, these isolates were recorded for the first time as the causes of anthracnose caused by C. scovillei on pepper in Korea. Forty cultivars were used to investigate the pathogenicity and to identify the possible source of resistance. The result reveals that all of chili cultivars used in this study are susceptible to C. scovillei.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 2018

Dual biocontrol of both insects and plant pathogens has been reported for certain fungal entomopathogens, including Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillum spp. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, the dual biocontrol potential of two fungal isolates identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses as Isaria javanica. Both these isolates caused mortality in the greater wax moth, and hence can be considered entomopathogens. Spores of the isolates were also pathogenic to nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), with an $LC_{50}$ value of $10^7spores/mL$ 4 days after inoculation and an $LT_{50}$ of 4.2 days with a dose of $10^8spores/mL$. In vitro antifungal assays also demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of two fungi that are pathogenic to peppers, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici. These results indicate that I. javanica isolates could be used as novel biocontrol agents for the simultaneous control of aphids and fungal diseases, such as anthracnose and Phytophthora blight, in an integrated pest management framework for red pepper.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1055-1064
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• 2009

Enteroviruses were identified and characterized from patients with aseptic meningitis and other enterovirus-related diseases in Chungnam, Korea from 2005 to 2006. Enteroviruses were isolated from 79 of 519 cases (15.2%) in 2005, and 37 of 386 cases (9.6%) in 2006. Based on partial VP1 sequencing, a total of 116 enterovirus isolates were resolved into 13 types. Prevalent among the Chungnam isolates were echovirus 18 and coxsackievirus B5 in 2005, and echoviruses 5 and 25 in 2006. This is the first time echoviruses 5 and 18 have been identified in Korea since enterovirus surveillance began there in 1993. The temporal distribution of enterovirus epidemics in Chungnam showed a remarkable seasonal pattern, with cases occurring during most of the three months of the summer from June to August. The highest rate of enterovirus-positive cases occurred in patients less than 1 year of age. The ratio of male to female enterovirus-positive patients was approximately 1.8:1. Comparison of the VP1 amino acid sequences of the 15 coxsackievirus B5 isolates with reference strains revealed that all Chungnam isolates are substituted at positions 23 (V231), 19 (S19G), 75 (Y75F), and 95 (N95S). Upon comparing the nine ECV5 isolates with foreign strains, it was found that only the Chungnam isolates, with the exception of Kor06-ECV5-239cn, have P at position 153 and F at position 146. The three ECV9 isolates from 2006 show alterations at amino acids 36, 148, and 154 outside of the BC-loop and at position 84 in the BC-loop, whereas the seven isolates from 2005 and the other ECV9 strains in the database only show the alteration at position 84 (D, I, N, S). The five ECV25 isolates have an S residue at position 134, whereas most of the foreign strains have an N residue.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2020

This study aimed to determine the current prevalence, serovar distribution and antimicrobial resistance rate and patterns of nontyphoid Salmonella (NTS) in slaughter sheep and their edible offal. While filling the gap of up to date related information in Turkey, data presented is also of significance since contamination of ovine meat, its products and offal with this pathogen is threat to public health due to their considerably high consumption rates in our country. Current NTS carriage in 200 apparently healthy slaughter sheep by ISO 6579:2002, 6579:2002/A1:2007 standard bacteriology (ISO) was 5% (10/200) (4 fecal content - 2%, 3 mesenterial lymph node - 1.5%, 3 kidney - 1.5%) out of 1,400 samples (0.7%), with no isolation from carcass, liver, gallbladder, spleen. Real-time PCR was in substantial agreement to ISO in confirming Salmonella-suspect isolates (Relative Trueness: 93.6%). S. Newport (40%) was the predominant serovar, followed by the second prevalent serovars as S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky (20%), and by S. Umbilo and S. Corvallis (10%). Four and 6 out of 10 NTS isolates were susceptible (40%) and resistant (60%) to 18 antimicrobials, respectively. S. Typhimurium isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) to tigecycline and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, with one also resistant to cefepime. S. Corvallis was MDR to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and pefloxacin. The predominance of S. Newport and first isolation of S. Corvallis in sheep in the world; first time isolations of Newport, Kentucky, Corvallis, Umbilo serovars from sheep in Turkey; and high antimicrobial resistance rates obtained in majority of the isolates highlights study findings.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.158-164
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• 2015

A total of 509 rice panicle samples were collected at harvest time from fields in 8 provinces from 2010 to 2014. One hundred five grains per sample were plated on potato dextrose agar and 6,658 Fusarium isolates were obtained; among them, 67 were identified as Fusarium armeniacum by sequencing the translation elongation factor $1{\alpha}$ ($EF-1{\alpha}$) and confirmed by their morphological and cultural characteristics. Considerable variation in conidial size, colony color and $EF-1{\alpha}$ sequences was observed among the fungal isolates. The ability of 24 F. armeniacum isolates to produce T-2 and HT-2 toxin in potato sucrose agar was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty one isolates produced T-2 and HT-2 toxin, resulting in varying toxin levels among the isolates. The results show that Korean isolates of F. armeniacum have diversity with respect to morphological, cultural, genetic, and toxigenic properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.461-467
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• 2007

Staphylococcus aureus strains are important foodborne pathogens that produce various toxins. To evaluate the risk of the enterotoxins, four S. aureus strains from kimbap and two clinical samples were isolated and identified, and their expression of the enterotoxin genes were analyzed using a reverse transcription real-time PCR. Various enterotoxin genes were detected, including sea, seg, seh, sei, sen, seo, and sem, where each isolate contained one or two. When the mRNA detection of the enterotoxin genes was analyzed using a reverse transcriptase PCR, various levels of expression were found depending on the species and enterotoxin gene. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the poisoning risk of S. aureus can be effectively evaluated based on the gene expression at the mRNA level.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.356-363
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• 2021

Heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNFs, 2-20 ㎛ in size) are substantially capable of controlling bacterial abundance in aquatic environments, and microbial taxonomists have studied ecologically important and abundant HNFs for a long time. However, the classifications of HNFs have rarely been reported in Korea on the basis of morphology and 18S rDNA sequencing. Here, previously reported five HNFs from non-Korean habitats were isolated from Korean coastal seawater or intertidal sediments for the first time. Light microscopic observations and 18S rDNA phylogenetic trees revealed that the five isolated species were Cafeteria burkhardae strain PH003, Cafeteria graefeae strain UL001, Aplanochytrium minuta (formerly Labyrinthuloides minuta) strain PH004, Neobodo curvifilus strain KM017 (formerly Procryptobia sorokini), and Ancyromonas micra (formerly Planomonas micra) strain IG005. Being morphologically and phylogenetically indistinct from its closest species, all isolates from Korea were therefore regarded as identical species detected in other countries. Thus, this result indicates an expansion of known habitats that range from those of the five isolates in natural ecosystems on Earth.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 2008

Blast resistance of one hundred and thirty-one rice cultivars bred in Korea was tested with thirty Korean isolates and twenty-two Philippines isolates using three screening methods. In the blast nursery conducted in Korea and in the Philippines, average disease index of rice cultivars were 4.6 and 2.2, respectively. Seventy-nine cultivars showed different resistance reaction in Korea and in the Philippines, and 19 cultivars showed the same resistant reaction in two locations. In the seedling test, Korean blast isolates displayed different levels of virulence. 93-093, a Korean isolate, was compatible with 90 cultivars whereas 97-057 showed a compatible reaction with 13 cultivars. Twenty-three cultivars showed high level of resistance against Korean and Philippines isolates but Chucheongbyeo, Heugnambyeo, and Manmibyeo showed susceptible reaction to all blast isolates. Through the sequential planting test in Korea and in the Philippines, Palgongbyeo and Seomjinbyeo displayed durable resistance, and Nagdongbyeo and Gihobyeo showed high level of disease infection over the planting time. These results indicate that blast isolates collected in two countries have different genetic background and number of compatible isolates should be considered in definition the durability of rice cultivar to rice blast.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2021

Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one among the most important agents of diarrhea in calves. From January to December 2021, 108 isolates from feces of calves with diarrhea were investigated for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) using real-time PCR. In addition, the genes for F5, F17 and F41 fimbriae were detected by PCR. The most frequently isolated pathotypes were EPEC/STEC (29 isolates), and ETEC/EPEC/STEC (29 isolates). ETEC/EPEC, and ETEC/STEC were also found in 10 isolates. EPEC, STEC, and ETEC were detected in 13, 11, and 6 respectively. EAEC, and EIEC was not detected. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out by agar disc diffusion method with 14 antimicrobials. Among 108 pathogenic E. coli isolates, 107 isolates were resistant to at least one of 14 antibiotics used in this study, 99 (91.7%) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials, and a single remarkable isolate was resistant to 14 antimicrobials. The isolates were primarily resistant to penicillins, streptomycin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Kanamycin, and Ciprofloxacin. The high rate of resistance in pathogenic E. coli, sometimes to multiple drugs, may complicate future options for treating human infections. These results may bu used for diagnosis and therpeitic purposes in calves with diarrhea.

• Mycobiology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2012

Interest in commercial cultivation and product development of Cordyceps species has shown a recent increase. Due to its biochemical and pharmacological effects, Cordyceps militaris, commonly known as orange caterpillar fungus, is being investigated with great interest. Cultivation of C. militaris has been practiced on a large scale in order to fulfill a demand for scientific investigation and product development. Isolates of C. militaris can be easily established from both spores and tissue. For isolation of spores, ascospores released from mature stromata are trapped in sterile medium. Multi-ascospore isolates, as well as combinations of single ascospore strains, are used for production of fruiting bodies. Progeny ascospore strains can be isolated from artificial fruiting bodies, thus, the cycle of fruiting body production can be continued for a long period of time. In this study, we examined fruiting body production from multi-ascospore isolates and their progeny strains for three generations. $F_1$ progeny strains generally produced a larger number of fruiting bodies, compared with their mother multi-ascospore isolates; however, $F_2$ and $F_3$ progeny strains produced fewer fruiting bodies. Optimum preservation conditions could help to increase the vitality of the progeny strains. In order to retain the fruiting ability of the strains, further testing of various methods of preservation and different methods for isolation should be performed.