• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.34-51
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• 2020

In order to clarify the lime-based building method used in the Joseon Dynasty, lime materials, production techniques, and mixing methods recorded in ancient literature were examined. In ancient Joseon Dynasty literature, the use of low grade limestone as a raw material was recorded, and the use of pozzolanic materials such as Hwangtoh, white clay, and roof tile powder as mixing aids to enhance the strength of lime was recorded. In addition, various lime hydration and mixing methods were recorded, and based on re-experiments carried out with regards to this, a physical property evaluation was deemed to be required in accordance with the various types of raw lime materials, lime hydration methods, and mixture ratios. In the early Joseon Dynasty, lime was used for various aspects, but frequent problems were experienced due to lack of supply and poor production techniques. In the late Joseon Dynasty, lime production techniques developed along with mass production. Based on analysis of the manufacturing techniques of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar in the 16^th and 18^th centuries during the Joseon Dynasty, it was found that mixing ratios and the methods described in the ancient literature had been applied. It was confirmed that the mixing ratio differed depending on mixing materials and lime quality. Since the mixing ratio of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar changed over time and it was produced strictly on the basis of a guidebook, it is believed that if continuous scientific analysis of the Hoegwagmyo lime mortar production method were carried out, this would be helpful for ascertaining the chronological methodology of Hoegwagmyo.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

The Seokgatap pagoda composed of mainly alkali granite and other minor pink-feldspar granite, fine-grained granite, granodiorite, diorite, gabbro, and tuff. Despite the small loss and damage derived from joints, its peel-off and exfoliation are serious enough to cause the heavy deterioration on the stone surface. The chemical and petrological weathering has partly replaced the original rock-forming minerals with clay minerals and iron oxyhydroxides. Based on the petrogenesis, rock materials of the pagoda is very similar to rocks of Dabotap pagoda and the Namsan granite in the Gyeongju. The central fart of the pagoda has sunken highly, which caused all the corners to split and the structural transformation to become worse. The reverse V-shaped gaps between the materials have broken stones filled in a coarse way. The iron plates inserted between the upper flat stone laid on other stones and tile pagoda body in the north and east side has been exposed in the air and corroded, discoloring of the adjacent stones. The overall diagnosis of the Seokgatap pagoda is the deteriorated functions of the stone materials, which calls for a long-term monitoring and plans to reinforce the stone surfaces. But the main body including the pagoda roof stone needs washing on a regular basis, and the many different cracks should be fixed with glue by using the fillers or hardeners designed for stone cultural properties after removing the cement mortar. In case of the replacement of the stone materials with new stones, it's necessary to examine the pagoda for the center of gravity and support intensity of the materials. The structural stability of the pagoda can be attained by taking a reinforce measure in geotechnical engineering and making a drainage. The ground humidity, which has aggravated weathering and structural instability, should be resolved by setting up a humidity reduction facility. The contamination of lichens and bryophyte around the pagoda and on the surface is serious. Thus biochemical treatments should be given too in order to prevent further biological damages and remove the vegetation growing on the discontinuous planes.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2021

Cultural assets excavated in historical areas have their own characteristics based on the background of the times, and it can be seen that their patterns and characteristics change little by little according to the history and the flow of the spreading area. Cultural properties excavated in some areas represent the culture of the time and some maintain their intact appearance, but most of them are damaged/lost or divided into parts, and many experts are mobilized to research the composition and repair the damaged parts. The purpose of this research is to learn patterns and characteristics of the past through artificial intelligence neural networks for such restoration research, and to restore the lost parts of the excavated cultural assets based on Generative Adversarial Network(GAN)[1]. The research is a process in which the rest of the damaged/lost parts are restored based on some of the cultural assets excavated based on the GAN. To recover some parts of dammed of cultural asset, through training with the 2D image of a complete cultural asset. This research is focused on how much recovered not only damaged parts but also reproduce colors and materials. Finally, through adopted this trained neural network to real damaged cultural, confirmed area of recovered area and limitation.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.65-78
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• 2011

Construction business, which is complex and long-term business, requires accurate estimation and verification in construction costs and payment procedure from project planning to the completion of construction phase. And more importantly, it is necessary to investigate and determine the risk factors related to construction costs during the entire process including design planning, construction drawings, and quantity calculating. But, currently, it is not seem to be adequate to cope with the risk and increased construction costs against the operational budget in terms of actual costs when screening and estimating the bidding cost of public apartment. Therefore, this study selected and analyzed 40 sites' report of construction completion account from 2004 to 2010 focused on the adequacy on the modification of contract and design planning and on the complication of the budget in the beginning of the project. This study deducted various risk causes and results by analyzing actual costs according to year, architectural area, region, construction cost and sale/lease classification. We could find out construction risk according to annual variation of government policy and economy, and also deducted risk items by construction characteristic according to region and architectural area. Study result, we first found out the problems of lowest price award system according to the construction costs. The weight of the cost increase risk was analyzed that subcontract and material costs are very high. Roof and tile work were analyzed highly in subcontract cost risk and reinforcing bar and cement were analyzed highly in material cost risk, among direct construction cost. Finally, this study results could be used in comparing the categories of the construction costs made by specific construction process, belonging to the construction costs, with the operational budget made in the beginning of the project that can enable to grasp unpredictable risks over the construction costs and making quantitative analysis for it through analyzing the range of fluctuation and variations led by the fluctuations in the actual construction costs.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.246-259
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• 2021

Research has been conducted in various fields on a local fortress (eupseong) in the Joseon Dynasty, but the archaeological research on the prison (獄), which is part of the internal government, has not been conducted properly. Since the prison was first discovered in Gyeongju in 1997, there has been a necessity for research on the deployment and structure of the prison. This includes the office where jailers worked and had night duty and also the enclosure that keeps the prisoners inside. But the research came to a standstill because there was no comparative data. However, compared to the more recent findings of the Yeonil Prison and the Gonju Prison, we can identify that the structure was built during the early to the late Joseon Dynasty. King Sejong designed the standard prison blueprint called Anokdo (犴獄圖) in 1426 to manage prisoners nationwide and revised it once in 1439 to give better treatment during the winter and summer seasons. The Yeonil Prison operated from 1421 to 1743 and shows the structure of the prisons during the early to mid-Joseon period. It was very similar to the Gyeongju Prison on a smaller scale, which was operated until the late Joseon Dynasty with two main structures, one east and one west, and a circular fence. This structure was maintained even in the Gongju Prison during the late Joseon Dynasty, and it remains visible in photographs. The prison of the Joseon Dynasty had a circular fence with an estimated height of 3 meters and two buildings that separated male and female prisoners. The prison was divided into men on the east and women on the west with tile-roofed house structures that were difficult to escape. In front of the circular fence, there was an office with a thatched roof for the jailers and access to the prison was only possible through a double prison gate. The layout of the building reflects the improvements of the king's prison design made during Joseon Dynasty improving the environment of prisoners who are on trial and separating men and women in order to embody humanism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2017

This study was performed to determine what the plant material were selected to reflect in the 2016 Korea Garden Show designer's garden. It was analyzed that plant material was used to display the theme of the garden and to create a specific space. Under the given theme of 'K-Garden, Shinhallyu Garden(new style garden culture) with the most Korean taste', the plants were used to highlight the theme in two types: 'representation' and 'expression'. There were two 'representation' gardens that imitate a particular space of Korean taste and four 'expression' gardens that showcase the designer's thoughts with abstract concepts and concrete objects. Three gardens included both types of garden. The way of revealing the subject with plants was used more for 'expression' than for 'representation'. There were eleven spaces for 'representation' of the Korean taste, a vegetable garden, faucet, pond, field, nature, a Hanok court garden, groves of bamboo, tile roof, stone wall, rock and backyard of a Hanok connected to the mountain. The planting material was used in two ways: reflecting only the ecological characteristics of the plant, and considering the ecological and visual characteristics together. Vegetation plantings reflecting the ecological characteristics were observed in all eleven spaces. Nine of the spaces reflected the growth environment of the plants, but the other two did not reflect the ecological characteristics of the plants, unlike the designer's intention. In the case of the four spaces that considered the ecological and visual characteristics together, color and size were considered visual characteristics. The plants in the seven spaces that included 'expression' as the theme were selected to reflect the visual characteristics in the order of color, shape, texture, and size, rather than reflecting ecological characteristics. A group planting method was applied. When the plants were used as materials for creating space, Norman(1989) analyzed three enclosure factors(overhead, vertical, ground plane). Only two deciduous trees were used in the overhead plane while five species of evergreen shrubs and thirty species of various deciduous plants were used in the vertical plane. There were forty-five species (nine trees and thirty-six herbaceous plants) forming the ground plane, and various herbaceous plants were utilized without duplication in each garden. The designer's garden of the Garden Show played a role in introducing new groundcover plants to the public. Three of the nine gardens did not include ornamental plants, and the use of decorative plants in other gardens was few compared to the number of plantings. In the Korea Garden Show designer's garden, most of the plants were being used with the intention of exposing the theme or architectural uses. In the 2016 Korea Garden Show designer's garden, many species of plants were used as materials for showcasing themes rather than for creating spaces. Also, the method of 'expression' was used more than the method of 'representation' in order to highlight the theme. This indicates that the planting materials reflect visual characteristics such as color, shape, texture, size rather than ecological characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.160-189
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• 2010

This study has been designed to grasp the present situation, shapes and meaning of the standing stones and rock pillars in the whole area of Noseong Mountain Fortress in Nonsan City which have never been academically reported yet. Accordingly, the research was carried out to grasp the spatial identity of Noseong Mt. and Noseong Mountain Fortress and the dispersion of standing stones scattered around inside and outside Noseong Mountain Fortress, while the shapes and structural characteristics of stones were investigated and analyzed focusing on Chongsuk Temple, which was considered to have the highest density of standing stones and greatest values for preservation as a cultural property. In consideration of the reference to the 'Top Sa' (tower temple) at the 'Bul Woo Jo' (Article about Buddhism Houses) of 'Shinjoong Dongguk Yeoji Seungram', theoretical existence of the temple according to surveying investigation, and the excavation records of roof tile pieces with the name of 'Gwan Eum Temple', it is presumed that there had been a Buddhist sanctum inside the fortress and it could be connected to the carved letters, 'Chongsuk Temple'. According the observation survey, the 6th place of standing stones among many other places inside the fortress shows that Chongsuk Temple appears to have the strong characteristics of artificially constructed space in consideration of the size of trees and stones, the composite trend of tree and stone composition, and trace of the adjacent well and strand and the construction of stairway leading to the stone gate. Along with the constellation of the Big Dipper carved on a rock at the same space, the stones, on which the letters of 'Shinseonam', 'Chilseongam' and 'Daejangam' were carved, including 'Chongsuksa', and the carved statue of Buddha, which was assumed to be Avalokitesvara Guan Yin, have offered clue which make it possible to infer that the space was a space for Chilseong and Mountain god(Folk Belief) that had originated from the combination of Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion. According to the actual measurement of standing stones at Chonsuk Temple, it was identified that there were big differences in height among 24 stones in total, ranging from 402~29cm and the averaged distance between each stone appeared to be 23.6cm. And the shape of stones appeared to be standing or flat, and various stones such as mountain-like stones and Buddha-like stones were placed in a special arrangement or assorted arrangement, but the direction of the stones had a consistency pointing to the west. And comparing to the trace of construction of ZEN Landscape Garden well known in the country, the three flat stones except for the standing and shaped stones appeared to have the shape of meditation statue, which is the typical formational factors of a ZEN Landscape Garden, on the basis of formational technique of stones. Among them, the flat stone facing the Buddhist saint statue, was formed by way of symbolization of three-mountain stone, which was assumed to be an offering stone for sacrificial food rather than carrying out ZEN Meditation. In consideration of the formation of standing stones at Chong-suk Temple, which was carried out in the composite stoning method based using the scalene triangle with ratio of 3:5:7 in order to seek the in-depth beauty based on the stone statues of three Buddhas where the three factors such as heaven, earth and humans are embodied in the elevated or flat formation, the stones at Chongsuk Temple and the space seemed to the trace of contracted garden construction that was formed with stones for a temple, so that could be used for ZEN meditation.