• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 1998

Male underclothing during this period preserved in the shirt its former qualities though somewhat diminished. The habit of leaving much of the waist coat unbuttoned to display the fine quality of the shirt was more than evidence of social ranks : it appears to have had its attractions to the other sex. But in other respects man's underclothing was sinking into obscurity. This was due, in a great measure, to the closer fit of his suit, designed to exhibit the shape of his legs in breeches and stockings, leaving little opportunity for the display of garments beneath. With the latter part of the eighteenth century man's underclothing ceased to serve for sex attraction, a function on it has never regained, while continuing -in the shirt front and cuffs- to indicate class distinction, until, in modern times, that too has disappeared. The term 'smart' was coming into vogue to indicated the well-dressed man, and for at least a century after, the word implied tightfitting garments which, of necessity, reduced underclothing to a very subordinate function, so that only the shirt front survived for display purpose. Artificial calves was introduced by the Macaronis its purpose was to accenturate the captirating shapelines of the calf of the leg appearing below the tight breeches of the period.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2007

Six pig farms were surveyed to measure the odor concentrations and characteristics of ammonia and sulfide corollary compounds in piggery. They were depended on the scale of piggery, weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, scales and types of pig breeding, and manure treatment methods. The highest ammonia concentrations in piggery were measured during the winter, since the tight sealed insulation in piggery made less amount of generated ammonia discharged from piggery. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of odor in the piggery by season and growing, and to measure concentrations of odor at boundary area. So, we investigated the raising managements, manure managements, and methods of reducing odor according to farm scale. We found that concentration of ammonia gas in the swine fattening piggery in winter was the highest. This result is consistent with the lower ventilation rate to maintain Indoor temperature. In this result, there was no connection between farm scale and ventilating system. Concentration of ammonia gas was 1.64 ppm at one boundary area in the middle scale. $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, $(CH_3)_2S$, and $(CH_3)_2S_2$ were below the standard of protection odor policy.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2014

As the permeability is an important parameter to characterize the ease with which a porous medium transmits fluids, it is usually obtained by fluid flow experiment using core samples. In order to measure the permeability, however, an experimental apparatus is required and it might take long measurement time, especially for tight samples. In this study, the relationship between permeability and porosity as well as drying rate has been investigated to predict the permeability without a series of measuring experiments. Porosity is measured by drying monitoring method, which measures weight variation continuously while drying surface-dried saturated sample, and drying rate is obtained from weight variation ratio with respect to the water saturation. The total of 6 Berea sandstone samples, which have a permeability range of 70 to 670 mD, were used in this work, and a new and empirical equation which could predict permeability of porous sandstone by using porosity and drying rate were obtained through regression analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2017

Recent development in science and technology has modernized the weapon system of ROKN (Republic Of Korea Navy). Although the cost of purchasing, operating and maintaining the cutting-edge weapon systems has been increased significantly, the national defense expenditure is under a tight budget constraint. In order to maintain the availability of ships with low cost, we need accurate demand forecasts for spare parts. We attempted to find consumption pattern using data mining techniques. First we gathered a large amount of component consumption data through the DELIIS (Defense Logistics Intergrated Information System). Through data collection, we obtained 42 variables such as annual consumption quantity, ASL selection quantity, order-relase ratio. The objective variable is the quantity of spare parts purchased in f-year and MSE (Mean squared error) is used as the predictive power measure. To construct an optimal demand forecasting model, regression tree model, randomforest model, neural network model, and linear regression model were used as data mining techniques. The open software R was used for model construction. The results show that randomforest model is the best value of MSE. The important variables utilized in all models are consumption quantity, ASL selection quantity and order-release rate. The data related to the demand forecast of spare parts in the DELIIS was collected and the demand for the spare parts was estimated by using the data mining technique. Our approach shows improved performance in demand forecasting with higher accuracy then previous work. Also data mining can be used to identify variables that are related to demand forecasting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.1 s.160
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• pp.44-56
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to provide fundamental data on the development of dress shirts pattern appropriate for the body types of athletes. The research subjects are 257 athletes from wrestling, bodybuilding, weight lifting, Judo, canoe, rowing. In regards to the category used in the measurement of bust somatotype, there are 48 types directly measured, 4 types indirectly measured, 7 types calculated and 1 bodyweight of type, making it 60 categories in total. The bust somatotype of a sports athlete and general person were compared together and after examining the characteristics of the bust somatotype, the somatotype of sports athlete was divided according to drop. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Questionnaire Results of the questionnaire showed that 63.4% of the respondents chose dress shirt as the most uncomfortable upper garment for athletes. And as for the result of the most uncomfortable body part turned out to be 'the neck is tight'. 2. Somatotype Analysis Results of direct, indirect measurement and the average somatotype of 97 National standard physique were compared. The characteristics of somatotype of athletes with well-developed upper body are that they are taller and have longer upper body and arms than the general person. And also the width of the trunk is wider, the girth bigger and the waist measure relatively slimmer. Looking at sports by category, it we could see that wrestlers were the largest neck parameter and width. Bodybuilders were the largest body parts for most categories. Weight lifting and Judo athletes were the largest waist and buttock. Canoe and rowing athletes were the largest height and arm parts. Dividing the somatotype of athletes according to drop, 72.8% of the research group belonged to the body type that resembled the letter Y.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.265-276
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• 2018

Background: Resilience engineering is a paradigm for safety management that focuses on coping with complexity to achieve success, even considering several conflicting goals. Modern sociotechnical systems have to be resilient to comply with the variability of everyday activities, the tight-coupled and under-specified nature of work, and the nonlinear interactions among agents. At organizational level, resilience can be described as a combination of four cornerstones: monitoring, responding, learning, and anticipating. Methods: Starting from these four categories, this article aims at defining a semiquantitative analytic framework to measure organizational resilience in complex sociotechnical systems, combining the resilience analysis grid and the analytic hierarchy process. Results: This article presents an approach for defining resilience abilities of an organization, creating a structured domain-dependent framework to define a resilience profile at different levels of abstraction, and identifying weaknesses and strengths of the system and potential actions to increase system's adaptive capacity. An illustrative example in an anesthesia department clarifies the outcomes of the approach. Conclusion: The outcome of the resilience analysis grid, i.e., a weighed set of probing questions, can be used in different domains, as a support tool in a wider Safety-II oriented managerial action to bring safety management into the core business of the organization.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

The main investigation of this thesis is about the comparative analysis of the fashion style preferences in the ages of 20-30 women, according to the style, by researching the area of Dalian and Seoul, represented as outstanding fashion cities in north eastern area. Both taking pictures and recording camcoders were performed at the famous fashion street in Seoul and Dalian. The period of investigation was from 24th of July to 2nd of August 2008. The result of research are as follows. Generally, the casual style was predominant in both area. The jean casual in Seoul was somewhat tidy and conservative, while that in Dalian showed the tendency of boldly exposed their body. In terms of easy casual, T-shirts and mini-tight skirt were preferred in Seoul, while T-shirts and midi-flare skirt was popular in Dalian. In Seoul, the blouse and mini skirt were in vogue, while one-piece dress, blouse and 5/7/9 length pants were prevalent in Dalian, in case of romantic style. The sports casual was relatively low in frequency in both areas, however, it was relatively more popular in Dalian than in Seoul. The frequency of classic style was similar in both areas. The T-shirts/blouse and Chanel-line skirt were preferred in Seoul, while the combination of jacket/shirts and full-length straight pants were preferred in Dalian. The one-piece dress was predominant in feminine style, the combination of mini one-piece dress and shoulder bag prevalent in Seoul, while the combination of Chanel-line one-piece dress designed as boldly exposed body was popular in Dalian, which shows the tendency of sexy, feminine style. The clear contrast or differences of street styles in Seoul and Dalian would become evident by this research. The continuous investigations into the various regions of China would be expected as an important measure for the successful launching into the Chinese fashion market.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.180-192
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• 2000

One bottle system was recently developed in order to simplify the clinical skills and save chair time after continuous improvements on dentin bonding agents. There has been many studies to measure the bond strength of one bottle systems but no actual work has been done on micromorphologic study of resin-dentin interdiffusion zone after one bottle system application. To evaluate the bonding patterns of various commercially available one bottle systems to dentin, observation of resin-dentin interdiffusion zone under TEM was performed. Caries-free human third molars within one month of extractions were chosen for the experiments. The molars were sectioned 1mm above the cementoenamel junction and got rid of the root portions. Crown portions of the teeth were sectioned parallel to occlusal surface so that dentin discs of 1mm in thickness were remained. 7 one bottle systems and 1 two bottle system were applied according to manufacturer's instructions and followings were the results. 1. In every experimental groups, cross bandings of collagen fiber were distinguishable and tight bon dings between the bonding agents and dentin were observed. 2. Hybrid layer was clearly observed in ONE-STEP$^{(R)}$, Prime & Bond$^{(R)}$ 2.1, Syntac$^{(R)}$ SC, MAC-BOND II groups but it was not clear in Single Bond, D-Liner Dual PLUS, ONE COAT BOND groups. 3. Electron-density of hybrid layer was uniform in pattern in MAC-BOND II, Prime & Bond$^{(R)}$ 2.1 groups but not so uniform in ONE-STEP$^{(R)}$ group. 4. Electron-dense amorphous phase in most superior layer of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone was characteristically observed in Single Bond, Syntac$^{(R)}$ SC, ONE COAT BOND groups. It can be concluded that bondings between the dentin bonding agents and dentin can be various in pattern according to their chemical compositions and the condition during applications.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

The thermistors and AD590 are widely used for temperature measurement in space application. The resistance of thermistor will vary according to the temperature variation therefore the external voltage or current stimulus signal have to be provided to measure resistance variation. Recently high resolution electro optic camera system of satellite requires tight thermal control of the camera structure to minimize the thermal structural distortion which can affects the image quality. In order to achieve $1^{\circ}$(deg C) thermal control requirement, the accuracy of temperature measurement have to be higher than $0.3^{\circ}$(deg C). In this paper, the accuracy of temperature measurement using thermistors is estimated and analyzed.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2015

Background: The type of payment is one of the important factors that has an effect on the health of employees, as a basic working condition. In the conventional research field of occupational safety and health, only the physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors are treated as the main hazardous factors. Managerial factors and basic working conditions such as working hours and the type of payment are neglected. This paper aimed to investigate the association of the type of payment and the exposure to the various hazardous factors as an heuristic study. Methods: The third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute in 2011 was used for this study. Among the total sample of 50,032 economically active persons, 34,788 employees were considered for analysis. This study examined the relation between the three types of payment such as basic fixed salary and wage, piece rate, and extra payment for bad and dangerous working conditions and exposure to hazardous factors like vibration, noise, temperature, chemical contact, and working at very high speeds. Multivariate regression analysis was used to measure the effect of the type of payment on working hours exposed to hazards. Results: The result showed that the proportion of employees with a basic fixed salary was 94.5%, the proportion with piece rates was 38.6%, and the proportion who received extra payment for hazardous working conditions was 11.7%. Conclusion: The piece rate was associated with exposure to working with tight deadlines and stressful jobs. This study had some limitations because KWCS was a cross-sectional survey.