• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.165-174
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• 2009

Purpose：This study was performed for effects of gait training on treadmill and stable surface which influenced on the lower limbs muscular activity needed in gait, plantar foot pressure with hemiplegic patients caused by cerebrovascular accident. Methods：Two groups of adult hemiplegia(n=20) were allocated randomly in this study: treadmill gait training group and control group. The gait training program was provided to experimental groups for 8 weeks (5 times a week). Measurements of pre and post experiment were plantar foot pressure. For measuring muscular activation rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius were detected. Results：The results of this study showed that in comparison of pre and post changes of gait training, the treadmill gait training group has noticeable changes than other groups in activity of rectus femoris and tibialis anterior, the control group revealed statistically significant differences in plantar foot pressure Toe2-5, M1, M3, M5, MF area, activity of gastrocnemius. Conclusion：These results mean gait training resulted by treadmill, stable surface provides effective muscle activation and plantar foot pressure with stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2018

PURPOSE: Despite the abundant literature available regarding the activity of intrinsic muscles, few studies have investigated the muscle activity of extrinsic muscles. Therefore, the present study compared the muscle activity of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and abductor hallucis during short foot exercise in subjects with and without flat feet. METHODS: Twelve subjects with and without pes planus participated in this study. During the short foot exercises, muscular activity of the tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, and abductor hallucis longus were measured in both groups. To identify the effects of short foot exercises, navicular drop height was also investigated in pre and post short foot exercises. RESULTS: In a symptomatic group, the navicular drop height was significantly reduced at post measurement compared with pre-measurement. During the short foot exercise, the pes planus group showed significantly lower activities of the fibularis longus than the control group (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Similar to previous studies and clinical literature, short foot exercise was effective for alleviating navicular drop for a population with pes planus. In addition, subjects with pes planus showed decreased muscular activities of the fibularis longus, which suggests that considering extrinsic muscles such as fibularis longus is also important for rehabilitation of pes planus patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.28-36
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk and the lower limb muscles during quiet standing on an unstable surface while wearing low-heeled shoes (3 cm), high-heeled shoes (7 cm) and without footwear (0 cm) in 20 young healthy women. The subjects stood on an unstable surface for 30 seconds. We examined the differences in the EMG data of the erector spinae, rectus abdominis, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and the gastrocnemius medialis muscle. A one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of shoe heel height on the EMG activity with the level of significance set at ${\alpha}=.05$. The EMG activity of the erector spinae and the rectus femoris were significantly increased (p<.05) in the subjects who wore elevated heel height, while the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius medialis were significantly decreased (p<.05). However, the rectus abdominis and the biceps femoris exhibited no significant difference among the three conditions. The above results indicate that wearing high-heeled shoes may change the postural strategy. The findings of this study suggest that excessive heel height could contribute to an increased fall risk during quiet standing.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 2007

Reductions in strength and range of motion in older persons have been associated with decreased functional mobility and risk of falls. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of intensive dynamic balance exercise (DBE) during 8 weeks on onset time of medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle contraction after perturbation in older women. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned into DBE group or control group. The DBE group participated in 50 minutes 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Surface electromyography (EMG) activity was recorded from the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles of left side. Outcome data were collected both groups at the pre-exercise and post-exercise. Independent t-test and paired t-test were used to determine the statistical difference. Results showed that the passive range of motion and functional reach test were significantly increased in the DBE group than the control group at the post-exercise (p<.05). The onset time of both muscles and discrepancy of onset time significantly reduced in the DBE group than the control group at the post-exercise (p<.05). The onset time of both muscles were significantly reduced in the post-exercise than the pre-exercise in the DBE group (p<.05). The discrepancy of onset time in the DBE group was significantly reduced in the post-exercise than the pre-exercise (p<.05). These findings suggest that intensive dynamic balance exercise for the eight weeks was effective in improving the postural control with older persons.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Neurotherapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.31-36
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• 2018

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contact handorientation response(CHOR) during sit-to-stand(STS) in people with stroke. Methods The subjects of the study were Thirty hemiplegia participated (Rt. hemiplegia/Lt. hemiplegia: 15/15, mean age: $65.82{\pm}8.53$) in this study. The analysis of muscles activation (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) distribution was conducted by the EMG, and the analysis of foot pressure distribution was conducted by the resistive pressure sensor. Hemiplegic stroke patients were instructed to perform STS three times with the non-affected side hand and affected side hand on the table. Results There was a significant positive correlation between rectus femoris, tibialis anterior muscle activation and affected side hand contact during STS(p<0.05). The STS correlated with the foot pressure in the affected side hand contact(p<0.05). Conclusion AS a result, CHOR during STS is related to muscle activation and the characteristics of foot pressure. This information was observed in the affected side hand contact on the table, suggestion that rehabilitation programs should be implemented.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.128-133
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• 2023

Objectives : There are many variations in the ST36 acupoint location. The purpose of this article is to suggest a method of locating the ST36 acupoint. Methods : Based on the available research and the neuroanatomical characteristics of the underlying acupoint, we summarized the proper procedure for finding the ST36 acupoint. Results : ST36 is 3 B-cun inferior to ST35 and is vertically situated on the line that connects ST35 and ST41. The ST36 acupoint corresponds to the deep peroneal nerve, which is situated in the tibialis anterior muscle's back. The neurovascular bundles that are located on the interosseous membrane between the interosseous crests of the tibia and fibula include the deep peroneal nerve, anterior tibial artery, and anterior tibial vein. According to both classical and modern literature, this acupoint can be found horizontally between the two muscles, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. Conclusions : Based on a review of the literature and neuroanatomical features, we suggest that ST36 can be positioned horizontally between tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. Additional imaging studies and clinical proof are required to determine ST36 acupoint.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.220-226
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of treadmill gradient training on lower limb muscle activity in chronic stroke patients. The subject were 32 stroke patients.. Subjects were randomly divided into three group which were control group($0^{\circ}$treadmill training(n=10)) and experimental group($5^{\circ}$treadmill training (n=10) and $10^{\circ}$treadmill training(n=12)). Three groups received treadmill gradient training for 30 minutes while 3 times per week for 6 weeks in addition to conventional physical therapy. Muscle strength was measured by EMG on rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnenius for muscle activities. In comparison of activity of rectus femoris and gastrocnemius between pre and post value, the activity of rectus femoris was significant in the experimental and control group(p<.05) and the activity of biceps femoris was significant in the $5^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group and $10^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group(p<.05). The activity of tibialis anterior was significant in the $5^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group and $10^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group(p<.05). In comparison of the difference of activity of rectus femoris among 3 groups, there was a significant difference between the $5^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group and control group(p<.05). and difference of activity of tibialis anterior was significant difference between the $10^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group and control group(p<.05). These findings suggest that $5^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group and $10^{\circ}$treadmill gait training group can be used to improve lower limb muscle activity in chronic stroke patient. In conclusion, these treadmill gradient training helped improving function of gait ability in chronic stroke patient.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.194-201
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• 2019

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of muscle thickness (MT) and pennation angle (PA) measurements of the ankle muscle, including the tibialis anterior (TA) and the medial gastrocnemius (MGCM), using a hands-free fixed probe and to compare it with the conventional linear probe. Design: Observational inter-rater reliability study. Methods: Thirty-three healthy subjects (20 male, 13 female) were included. In all subjects, ultrasound images were acquired from the TA and MGCM using a hands-free fixed probe and a conventional linear probe in random sequence by two examiners at two time-points within a 7-day interval. MT and PA were calculated on the taken images. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals, standard error of measurement and the Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to estimate reliability and validity. And also, Bland-Altman plots were generated for a visual representation of MT and PA at the TA and MGCM. Results: The ICC for all intra-rater reliability was 0.943 to 0.995 and that for all inter-rater reliability was 0.928 to 0.993, indicating excellent reliability. A significantly high correlation was observed between MT and PA at the TA and MGCM with use of the hands-free fixed probe and the conventional linear probe (r>0.938; p<0.001). Conclusions: The hands-free fixed probe provided excellent images for measurement of the MT and PA of the TA and MGCM and is a useful device for making clinical measurements of muscle structure without grasping of the probe.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of lower limbs muscle activities depending on three walking speeds of 2.5km/h, 5.0km/h and 7.5km/h during forward walking and backward walking making 14 students the subjects of this study. To achieve this aim, surface electrodes for factor analysis of EMG were adhered to rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medial head of right lower limbs. The conclusions through this study are as follows. 1) The muscle activity of rectus femoris was higher in backward walking group than in forward walking group and it was the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed. 2) The muscle activity of biceps femoris was higher in forward walking group than in backward walking group. It was the lowest at 5.0km/h walking speed and the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed. 3) The muscle activity of tibialis anterior was higher in backward walking group than in forward walking group. It was the lowest at 5.0km/h walking speed and the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed. 4) The muscle activity of gastrocnemius medial head was higher in backward walking group than in forward walking group except P2. It was the lowest at 5.0km/h walking speed and the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cycle ergometer exercise inducing movement of the affected side on knee joint function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: The primary experiment was conducted on 19 members of the cycle ergometer exercise group to measure the muscle activity of the rectus femoris, hamstring, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles during cycle ergometer exercise that induced the affected side's movement. In the second experiment, after receiving physiotherapeutic intervention for 30 min, the general bicycle exercise group and cycle ergometer exercise group performed the corresponding exercise for 15 min, 5 times per week, for 2 weeks. The ROM, muscle strength, pain, and balance were then measured and compared between the two groups. Results: In the results of the primary experiment, cycle ergometer exercise inducing movement of the affected side showed a significantly larger increase in the activity of leg muscles (rectusfemoris, hamstring, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) on the affected side than the general bicycle exercise (p <0.05). In the second experiment, the cycle ergometer exercise group showed a significantly larger increase in range of movement of affected side knee flexion and muscle strength of affected side knee flexion, knee extension, and plantarflexion than the general bicycle exercise (p <0.05). No significant between-group difference was observed in pain and balance before or after the intervention (p >0.05). Conclusion: Cycle ergometer exercise inducing movement of the affected side increases use of the muscles around the affected side knee joint after TKA more than general bicycle exercise and produces better effects for enhancing muscle strength. The application of cycle ergometer exercise inducing movement of the affected side is expected to reduce the patients' unbalanced use during the early postoperative period and help them to quickly return to normal daily life through rapid muscle strength recovery.