• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 1998

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of the low-dose(30mCi) I-131 ablation therapy for remnant thyroid tissue following total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: Between March 1995 and December 1997, forty-eight patients were given ablative doses(30mCi) of I-131 after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer in the presence of I-131 uptake in remnant thyroid tissue. Effective ablation of remnant thyroid tissue was determined by following I-131 whole body scan. if remnant thyroid tissue remained, we repeated the same management at 6 months interval. Results: Thirty-eight(79.1%) patients had papillary, 8(16.7%) follicular, 1(2.1%) medullary and 1(2.1%) Hurthle cell type cancer. Forty-eight patients underwent total thyroidectomy, among those central neck dissection was performed in 35 cases, and modified radical neck dissection in 14 cases. Postoperative complication developed in 8 cases, which included 4 cases of transient hypoparathyroidism, 1 case of permanent hypoparathyroidism, 2 cases of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, and 1 case of wound hematoma. There were significant remnant thyroid tissue in 46 cases(95.8%) of patients after total thyroidectomy, which could be ablated by low dose(30mCi) I-131. There were no statistical difference between operative procedures and number of treatment of I-131. Conclusions: These results suggested that repeated low-dose(30mCi) I-131 therapy would be needed, therefore, high -dose I-131 therapy could be considered as ablation therapy for the remnant thyroid tissue after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6209-6213
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• 2013

Well differentiated thyroid cancers (WDTC), including papillary (80%) and follicular (10%) types, are the most common endocrine cancers globally. Over the last few decades most the diagnosed cases have fallen into low risk categories. Radioactive iodine-131 (RAI) has an established role in reducing recurrence and improving the survival in high risk patients. In patients with primary tumor size <1 cm, RAI is not recommended by many thyroid societies. However, low risk WDTC has been an arena of major controversies, most importantly the role and dose of adjuvant RAI for remnant ablation to minimize chances of recurrence and improving survival. This review is an attempt to update readers about the previous and existing practice based on results of non-randomized trials and evolving trends fueled by recently published randomized studies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.801-811
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate changes in Quality of life (QOL) and related factors in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing Radioactive Iodine remnant ablation (RAI). Methods: Data were collected longitudinally 3 times for 6 months (2 weeks post-surgery, post RAI, 3 months post RAI) in a hospital located in Seoul. Questionnaires were used to measure levels of physical symptoms, anxiety, depression, and QOL. Ninety-eight patients with thyroid cancer who had RAI were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS (18.0). Results: Findings for the three data collection times respectfully were: mean scores for physical symptoms, 0.53, 1.21 and 0.62, patients with depression, 47%, 36.7% and 37.7%, patients with anxiety, 18.4 %, 19.4% and 20.4%, mean scores for QOL, 7.06, 7.01 and 7.28. QOL score was highest 3 months post RAI (p=.031). In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, depression and fatigue were predicting factors for low QOL at all data collection times. Dysponia was a predicting factor for low QOL post RAI and 3 months post RAI. Conclusion: To increase QOL, it is necessary to provide information in advance regarding physical & psychological symptoms and to develop nursing intervention programs to decrease depression and fatigue.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 1997

To evaluate the effectiveness of I-131 in ablation of residual thyroid tissue, we analyzed 350 patients with thyroid cancer who were treated with various doses of I-131 after surgery for thyroid cancer Two hundred fifty five patients were treated with 1.1GBq(30mCi) of I-131 for ablation of remnant thyroid and one hundred seventeen patients received more than 2.8GBq(75mCi) of I-131. We determined the effectiveness of ablation by following I-131 whole body scan. Absent visible uptake or minimal uptake in thyroid tissue were considered as successful ablation. Of 255 patients who received doses of 30mCi I-131 therapy, 131 patients(51%) showed successful ablation of residual thyroid tissue with $2.6{\pm}1.7$ times of I-131 therapy. Of 117 patients who received doses of the more than 75mCi I-131, 84 patients(72%) had successful remnant thyroid ablation with $1.6{\pm}1.1$ times of I-131 therapy, According to the extent of surgery, successful ablation rates were 78%, 62%, 54%, 33% in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy, lobectomy and isthmectomy, lobectomy or tumorectomy, respectively. This study showed that ablation of remnant thyroid after surgery with 30mCi I-131 was successful only in 50%. Therefore, in cases of patients with high risk for recurrence, we recommend high dose I-131 for ablation of remnant after total thyroidectomy.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.132-140
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• 2006

Well-differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with an increasing incidence. Most patients with well-differentiated thyroid caner have a favorable prognosis with high survival rate. While surgery and radioiodine therapy is sufficient treatment for the majority of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, a minority of these patients experiences progressive, life-threatening growth and metastatic spread of the disease. Because there is no prospective controlled study to evaluate the differences of management of thyroid cancer, it is hard to choose the best treatment option. And there are still lots of controversies about the management of this disease, such as surgical extent, proper use of radioiodine for remnant ablation and therapy, use of rhTSH instead of withdrawal of thyroid hormone, long-term follow-up strategy, thyroglobulin as a tumor marker, etc. In this review, recent data related to these conflicting issues and recent advances in diagnosis, radioiodine therapy and long-term monitoring of well-differentiated thyroid cancer are summarized.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 1996

A 17 month-old girl presented in the pediatric clinic on November 27th, 1990 with a neck mass. The mass was 2 cm in diameter, firm in consistency and movable on the upper pole of the thyroid cartilage in the midline. The technetium thyroid scan showed a hot reactivity at the compatible site of the mass, but no other radioactivity in either site of the normal thyroid positions. At her second visit on January 23th, 1996, the mass had enlarged up to 3.5cm in diameter in the same location of the neck. The follow up thyroid scan revealed a walnut sized, snowman-like radioactivity. One of the snowman-like double images seemed to be a lingual ectopic thyroid and the other a midline ectopic thyroid remnant in the infrahyoid level. This interpretation was supported by the computed tomography of the neck, which showed a ligual mass in the foramen cecum area and an another mass in the anterior comis-sure of the larynx in the mildline. Thyroid function test was normal except a slightly increased TSH. As a result of this changing pattern of thyroid radioactive images, a case of a lingual thyroid as well as another midline ectopic thyroid tissue at the infrahyoid level is reported.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1050-1057
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• 2018

Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) is a class G immunoglobulin and a conventional marker for thyroid autoimmunity. From a clinical perspective, TgAb is less useful than thyroid peroxidase antibodies for predicting thyroid dysfunction. However, TgAb is found more frequently in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and can interfere with thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements, which are used to monitor the recurrence or persistence of DTC. Recent studies suggested a small but consistent role for preoperative TgAb in predicting DTC in thyroid nodules, and in reflecting adverse tumor characteristics or prognosis, including lymph node metastasis, but this is still controversial. Postoperative TgAb can serve as a biomarker for remnant thyroid tissue, so follow-up measures of TgAb are useful for predicting cancer recurrence in DTC patients. Since high serum TgAb levels may also affect the fine needle aspiration washout Tg levels from suspicious lymph nodes of DTC patients, it is important to use caution when interpreting the washout Tg levels in patients who are positive for TgAb.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.234-236
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• 2011

Thyroglossal duct cyst is the most common congenital neck mass. It develops from remnants of precursors of thyroid gland left behind during embryologic descent form the foramen cecum at the tongue base into the anterior neck during fetal development. An anterior midline neck mass presenting before the age of twenty and displaying vertical movement with tongue protrusion and swallowing is characteristic of this lesion. In this paper, we report on a case of TGDC without remnant duct that is presenting as thyroid cyst.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.77-95
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• 2002

During the last several decades, prognosis of differentiated thvroid cancers improved markedly, mainly due to refinement of surgical techniques and routine use of radioactive iodine. Total or neat-total thyroidectomy is to be performed as the first line of treatment. Routine remnant ablation just after surgery decreases recurrence and increases survival. After then patients are maintained on suppressive dose of thyroid hormone to keep endogenous TSH below normal. Regular follow-up of the patients with serum thyroglobulin measurement and iodine whole body scan after thyroid hormone withdrawal or under recombinant human thyrotropin stimulation select high risk patients with recurrence or metastatic disease and treatment with therapeutic dose of radioactive iodine prolongs survival and sometimes leads cure. Currently recommended diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, present controversies and future directions are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.240-242
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• 2010

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is a very rare event, representing much less than 1% of all malignant tumors of the thyroid gland. The cancer is characterized by rapidly progressive clinical course in spite of its differentiated morphologic features. In most cases, a squamous epithelium is believed to be a result of metaplasia of a follicular epithelium, although in rare exceptions, it can originate from a remnant of the thyroglossal duct or ultimobranchial body. Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland can occur in a pure form or mixed with adenocarcinoma. Because their clinical behavior is more aggressive than that of other malignant neoplasm of thyroid gland, the tumor should be treated more vigorously at its initial stage. Recently, authors experienced one case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. We report our case with a brief review of literature.