• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.33.1-33.7
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• 2023

Background: Laminitis is a complex and debilitating disease of horses. Numerous predisposing factors contribute to laminitis development, however the exact pathogenesis remains undetermined. Serum T4, cortisol, and histamine are components of the innate stress response and could play a causative or contributory role. Stress hormone concentrations in laminitis are largely unknown. Objective: To evaluate parameters associated with stress response in horses with laminitis, and compare these to healthy horses and horses with gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Methods: Thirty-eight adult horses presenting for non-medical conditions, GI abnormalities, or clinical laminitis were prospectively enrolled. Horses were assigned to the appropriate disease group (healthy, GI disease, and laminitis) and had blood drawn on presentation to the hospital. Samples were analyzed for plasma endogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (eACTH), serum cortisol, serum thyroid hormone, and plasma histamine. Results: Stress hormone concentrations were significantly different between horses in the laminitis and GI disease groups. Plasma histamine levels were highest in horses with laminitis, compared with GI disease and controls. Both horses with laminitis and GI disease had increased plasma eACTH when compared to healthy horses. Horses with GI disease had higher serum cortisol concentrations than horses with laminitis or controls. Serum T4 was lower in horses with GI disease than in horses with laminitis and controls. Conclusions: Horses with laminitis had relative increases in both plasma histamine and eACTH concentrations. Serum T4 and cortisol concentrations of horses with laminitis did not differ significantly when compared to healthy horses. The role of stress hormones in equine disease warrants further investigation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.788-793
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• 1999

To determine the interrelationship between thyroid status and the reparitioning action of clenbuterol (CLE) in broilers, two-week-old female chickens were fed diets containing an antithyroid substance, propylthiouracil (PTU, 0 or 0.3%), CLE (0 to 1 mg/kg), or both for 18 days in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design experiment. Muscle weights (breast muscle, gastrocnemius and peroneus longus) increased only in the normal chickens fed CLE. As absolute mass, protein of leg muscle quantitatively increased in the CLE-fed normal birds. In contrast, inhibition of the CLE-induced protein accretion, especially of peroneus longus, occurred in the PTU group. A quantitative increase in DNA was observed in leg muscles of the normal chickens, but no DNA response to CLE was shown in the PTU-treated chickens. The decreased RNA in leg muscles of the PTU group was more reduced by CLE feeding. Although not statistically significant, the reduced degradation rate of whole muscle protein in normal chickens fed CLE was not confirmed in the PTU-fed group. The present study, therefore, concluded that metabolic action of thyroid hormones was a prerequisite for the hypertrophic effect of ${\beta}$-agonist in broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.946-951
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate enzose (corn dextrose), a corn milling byproduct, as substitute for corn grain as energy in growing lambs. Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated. The control diet (E0) had no enzose whereas enzose replaced 20, 40, 60 and 80% corn grain in E20, E40, E60 and E80 diets on the basis of energy supply, respectively. Fifty growing lambs were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each, in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre) intake and digestibilities increased with gradual replacement of corn grain by enzose. Lambs fed E80 diet also retained higher nitrogen (N) than those fed E0 diet. Plasma glucose, $T_3$ and $T_4$ increased while urea N decreased in lambs receiving higher enzose content. Maximum weight gain was recorded in lambs fed diets containing maximum concentration of E as a replacement for corn grains. A better feed conversion ratio was recorded in lambs fed E80 compared with those fed E0 diet. The study suggests that enzose can be used as an economical feed ingredient to replace corn grain upto 80%, without any adverse effects on growth performance of growing lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 1992

Secretory patterns of serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin and testosterone were analysed by specific radioimmunoassay in Kaghani (n = 42), Rambouilet (n = 42) and Kaghani ${\times}$ Rambouillet (n = 42) male sheep to determine age and breed related changes. Animals were examined at 1-2 wk, 8, 10, 12, 20, 22 and 24 months of age (n = 6/age group). All animals were maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. $T_3$ and $T_4$ concentrations were maximal (p < 0.01) in 1-2 wk old lambs of all breeds studied ($207.4{\pm}14.9-276.8{\pm}20.4ng/dl$ and $5.76{\pm}0.3-7.23{\pm}0.9{\mu}g/dl$, respectively). For all the breeds, concentrations of $T_3$ declined markedly (p < 0.01) at 8 month of age and then varied in a narrow range ($44.5{\pm}14.0-87.0{\pm}4.8ng/dl$) up to the age of 24 month. While, serum $T_4$ concentrations decreased (p < 0.01) to nadir ($0.97{\pm}0.1-1.43{\pm}0.3{\mu}g/dl$) at 10 months of age in all the 3 breeds. Afterwards, $T_4$ levels increased gradually and attained a small peak at 20 months before declining again at 22 and 24 months of age. Serum $T_3$ and $T_4$ concentrations were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) and their ratio was constant at all ages in the different breeds. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the secretion of testosterone in the breeds examined but the breed differences were comparable. Mean serum concentrations of testosterone were low from 1-2 wk to 10 months of age in the Kaghani, Rambouillet and Kaghani ${\times}$ Rambouillet animals. Peak testosterone levels were noted in the 12 months old Kaghani ($1.75{\pm}0.4ng/ml$), Rambouillet ($1.30{\pm}0.2ng/ml$) and their $T_3$ cross animals ($1.16{\pm}0.08ng/ml$). Mean testosterone levels, thereafter, decreased at 20 months and then at 22 and 24 months remained variable but higher than observed at 1-2 wk -10 months of age. The findings of the present study indicate a significant influence of age but not of breed on the peripheral concentrations of thyroid hormones and testosterone. Serum concentrations of $T_3$ and $T_4$ were not related to testosterone levels. High thyroid secretory activity observed at prenatal phase of development may play an important role in preparing the lambs to extrauterine environments.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2018

Objective: Graves' disease, the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism, is a thyroid specific autoimmune disorder. When resistance to medication is shown in spite of long term therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy would be chosen in Western medicine. However, this therapy has often been reported to cause patients have hypothyroidism, thus requiring them to take levothyroxine for the rest of their lives. In this study, we evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Ahnjeonbaekho-tang (AJBHT) on patients with Graves' disease. Methods: We prescribed AJBHT for 3 months to two groups: patients who had been taking antithyroid drugs were administered AJBHT after discontinuing the antithyroid drugs ($Com-Tx{\rightarrow}Single-Tx$), and patients who had not been taking antithyroid drugs were started with AJBHT (Single-Tx) immediately. We evaluated the thyroidal function test (TFT) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for clinical symptoms for 3 months. Results: Serum T3 and fT4 were significantly decreased in both groups and remission rate of thyroidal hormones were significantly improved in the Single-Tx group. The clinical symptoms of palpitation, fatigue, and heat intolerance were significantly improved in both groups. In the safety analysis, all patients were in normal range of liver, renal function blood test and common blood count. Conclusion: From these results, we suggested that AJBHT was effective on TFT and clinical symptoms of Graves' disease. The study supports that AJBHT may be a useful agent for patients with Graves' disease who are resistant to antithyroid medication or radioactive iodine therapy, and for patients at first diagnosis.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.425-434
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• 2011

Objectives : Hypothyroidism is the most common pathological disease of the endocrine system. Morinda Officinalis Radix has been used in treatment of Yang deficiency. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Morinda Officinalis Radix on a rat model of hypothyroidism induced by 6-propyl, 2-thiouracil (PTU). Methods : Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were used with injection of PTU which induced rats into hypo-thyroidism. During 2 weeks, rats were treated with Morinda Officinalis Radix and thyroxine. Body weights were checked every week, the after 4 weeks, biochemical analyses were performed. The levels of T3, T4 and TSH was measured by EILSA. Results : In the Morinda Officinalis Radix group, we could observe the level of T4 significantly increased and TSH level significantly decreased. Conclusions : Morinda Officinalis Radix could help the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones under PTU suppression. There is no harm effect on liver and kidney function, or other metabolism. According to these results it could help to treat hypothyroidism patients and relieve their symptoms.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.147-162
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this review was to summarize the primary role of three representative endocrine axes in aquatic vertebrates and discuss the effects on endocrine systems and their interactions in teleost fish after exposure to environmental contaminants. Methods: We summarized individual traits and mechanisms for hormonal and transcriptional interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes in fish. We also provided a brief discussion on the effects of nonylphenol-induced toxicity on endocrine systems and their interactions in fish as a demonstration of holistic explanation. Results: Currently-available data showed that thyroid dysfunction is associated with reproductive toxicity due to changes in steroidogenic gene expressions and sex hormone levels as well as gonad glands in fish. As an example, we demonstrated that exposure to nonylphenol could induce estrogenicity in male fish by decreasing thyroid hormones, which contributes to increased aromatase expression. Although the mechanisms are complicated and involved in multiple ways, a number of studies have shown that sex steroids influence the HPT axis or the HPA axis in fish, indicating bi-directional crosstalk. Critically missing is information on the primary target or toxicity mechanisms of environmental contaminants among the three endocrine axes, so further studies are needed to explore those possibilities. Conclusions: This review highlights the interactions between the HPG, HPT, and HPA axes in fish in order to better understand how these endocrine systems could interact with each other in situations of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.203-213
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• 2023

본 증례는 그레이브스병에 의한 갑상선기능항진증으로 진단된 환자에서 메티마졸 단독 투여에도 계속된 갑상선기능항진증의 증상치료를 위하여 한의 변증진단(辨證診斷) 과정을 통하여 심담허겁(心膽虛㥘)과 심화상염(心火上炎) 변증형(辨證形)을 도출하고 가미온담탕(加味溫膽湯)에 청심연자음(淸心蓮子飮)을 합방(合方)한 한약을 메티마졸과 병행투여 한 사례이다. 본 증례에서 한약이 메티마졸의 갑상선 호르몬 억제 효과는 계속 유지하면서 갑상선기능항진증 환자의 증상을 완화한 효과를 보여준 결과는 갑상선기능항진증 치료에 있어서 한약이 베타 차단제를 대체하여 메티마졸과 병행투여할 수 있는 약물로써 가능성이 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2001

조피볼락 갑상선 여포의 원시세포는 모체내 부화자어의 구강 아래쪽에 존재하는 때의 원형 여포 안에 존재하였다. 갑상선 여포는 구강 연골조직 아래쪽 제 1, 2,3 도입새동맥 부근에 흩어져 존재하고, 출산 직후에는 1${\sim}$3개 정도로 분화되어 있었다. 갑상선 여포의 수는 출산 직후(전장 6.3 mm)에 개체당 1.6${\pm}$0.8개였으며, 치어기로 전환하는 30일째에는 17.0${\pm}$2.1개, 50일째(전장 13.2 mm)에는 32.5${\pm}$6.9개로 그 수가 매우 많아졌다. 갑상선 여포의 직경은 출산 직후에 18.1${\pm}$0.6 ${\mu}$m였던 것이 출산후 30일째 30.5${\pm}$2.2 ${\mu}$m, 50일째 41.5${\pm}$1.7 ${\mu}$m로 그 크기가 증대되었다. 갑상선 여포세포의 높이는 출산직후 4.1${\pm}$0.2 ${\mu}$m, 20일째 5.7${\pm}$0.2 ${\mu}$m, 50일째 6.0${\pm}$0.2 ${\mu}$m로 성장하였다. 자치어의 전어체 내 갑상선호르몬을 분석한 결과, 난황을 가진 출산 직후에 호르몬을 함유하고 있었으며, 난황이 완전 흡수되는 5일째에는 그 농도가 급격히 감소하다가, 20일${\sim}$30일에 급격히 상승하여 50일째 최고치를 나타냈다. L-thyroxine (T$_4$)에 대한 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T$_3$) 농도는 출산 직후를 제외하고, 전 기간 동안 상대적으로 낮은 값을 나타냈다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2002

본 실험은 산란노계에서 강제환우가 갑상선, 난소, 부신의 무게 및 이들 기관에서 분비되는 호르몬 수준의 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 시행하였다. 77주령 산란계 360수를 10수씩 36개의 펜에 배치하여 7주간 강제환우를 시행하였다. 사료는 단백질 수준이 16%이며 대사에너지가 2,800kca1/kg 함유된 시판용으로 84주령부터 126주까지 급여하였다. 강제환우전, 산란율 5%, 산란피크 및 실험 종료 시에 각각 36수씩 희생시켜 채혈을 하였으며, 갑상선, 난소, 부신의 무게를 측정하였고 혈청에서 T3, T4, cortisol 및 estradiol 함량을 측정하였다. 갑상선의 무게는 산란율이 5%에 도달하였을 때 제일 높게 나타났다 난소의 무게는 강제환우 후에 현저하게 감소되었지만 그 후에 지속적으로 증대되어 실험 종료 시에 극대화 되었다(P<0.05). 산란율이 5%에 도달한 시기에 혈청의 T3, T4 및 cortisol 수준은 다른 시기에 비하여 높게 나타났지만 실험 종료 시에 제일 낮게 나타났다. 혈청의 estradiol은 산란율이 5%에 도달한 시기에 제일 낮았다. 본 실험에서 강제환우 과정에서 환우의 유기에 주요 역할을 하는 내분비 기관 및 이들 기관에서 분비되는 T3, T4, cortisol, estradiol 수준이 복합적으로 관련될 수 있음을 시사하였다.