• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.941-947
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• 2018

Since the amplitudes of spin echo train in nuclear magnetic resonance logging (NMRL) are small and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is also very low, this paper puts forward an improved de-noising algorithm based on wavelet transformation. The steps of this improved algorithm are designed and realized based on the characteristics of spin echo train in NMRL. To test this improved de-noising algorithm, a 32 points forward model of big porosity is build, the signal of spin echo sequence with adjustable SNR are generated by this forward model in an experiment, then the median filtering, wavelet hard threshold de-noising, wavelet soft threshold de-noising and the improved de-noising algorithm are compared to de-noising these signals, the filtering effects of these four algorithms are analyzed while the SNR and the root mean square error (RMSE) are also calculated out. The results of this experiment show that the improved de-noising algorithm can improve SNR from 10 to 27.57, which is very useful to enhance signal and de-nosing noise for spin echo train in NMRL.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.549-560
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• 2006

Purpose : This experiment examined the effects of anodization on commercially pure titanium implant fixtures. Material & methods : The implant fixtures were anodized at three different voltage levels, producing three different levels of oxidation on the surface of the fixure. Implant were divided into four groups according to the level of oxidation. Group 1 consist of the control group of machined surface implants, Group 2 implants were treated by anodizing to 100 voltage, Group 3 implants were treated by anodizing oxidation to 200 voltage Group 4 implants were treated by anodizing oxidation to 350 voltage. Surface morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and the surface roughness was measured using NanoScan $E-1000^{\circledR}$. Implantation of the fixtures were performed using New Zealand white rabbits. $Periotest^{\circledR}$ value(PTV) resonance frequency analysis(RFA), and removal torque were measured in 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks after implantation. Results : The results of the study were as follows: 1. Values for the measured surface roughness indicate statistically significant differences in Ra, Rq, and Rt values among group 1, 2, 3, and 4 at the top portion of the thread,(p<0.05) while values at the base of the threads indicated no significant difference in these values. 2. A direct correlation between the firming voltage, and surface roughness and irregularities were observed using scanning electron microscope. 3. No statistically significant differences were found between test groups regarding $Periotest^{\circledR}$ values. 4. Analysis of the data produced by RFA, significant differences were found between group 1 and group 4 at 12 weeks after implantation.(p<0.05) Conclusions : In conclusion, no significant differences could be found among test groups up to a certain level of forming voltage threshold, beyond this firming voltage threshold, statistically significant differences occurred as the surface area of the oxide layer increased with the increase in surface porosity, resulting in enhanced bone response and osseointegration.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.22-40
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• 1995

Thermomechanical characteristics of rocks such as thermal shock, thermal expansion, thermal cracking were experimentally investigaed using Iksan granite, Cheonan tonalite and Chung-ju dolomite to obtain the basic data for proper design and Chung-ju dolomite to obtain the basic data for proper design and stability analysis of underground structures subjected to temperature changes. The effect of thermal shock did not appear when the heating speed was under 3$^{\circ}C$/min. and there existed little difference between multi-staged cyclic heating and single-cycled heating. Thermal expansion of rocks was affected by mineral composition, crack porosity and the degree of thermal craking. In quartz-beraring multimineralic rocks such as Iksan granite and Cheonan tonalite, the thermal expansion coefficient increaseed continuously with temperature rise, but that of Chung-ju dolomite which was a monomineralic rock showed a constant value for the temperature above 250$^{\circ}C$, Chung-ju dolomite yielded the lowest critical threshold temperature(Tc) of 100$^{\circ}C$ and unstable thermal cracking was initiated above the new threshold temperature(Tc')of 300$^{\circ}C$. Above Tc' thermal cracks grew but they were not interconnected. Iksan granite showed closing of microcracks to the temperature of 100$^{\circ}C$, then expanded linearly to Tc of 200$^{\circ}C$. Above Tc, thermal cracking was initiated and progressed rapidly and almost all the grain boundaries were cracked at 600$^{\circ}C$. Cheonan tonalite also showed similar behavior to iksan granite except that Tc was 350$^{\circ}C$ and that thermal cracks propagated more rapidly. Thermal expansions calculated by Turner's equation were found to be valid in predicting the thermal expansion and cracking behavior of rocks.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.483-493
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• 2018

Experimental study of the deterioration of high-temperature rock subjected to rapid cooling is essential for thermal engineering applications. To evaluate the influence of thermal shock on heated granite with different temperatures, laboratory tests were conducted to record the changes in the physical properties of granite specimens and the dynamic mechanical characteristics of granite after rapid cooling were experimentally investigated by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The results indicate that there are threshold temperatures ($500-600^{\circ}C$) for variations in density, porosity, and P-wave velocity of granite with increasing treatment temperature. The stress-strain curves of $500-1000^{\circ}C$ show the brittle-plastic transition of tested granite specimens. It was also found that in the temperature range of $200-400^{\circ}C$, the through-cracks induced by rapid cooling have a decisive influence on the failure pattern of rock specimens under dynamic load. Moreover, the increase of crack density due to higher treatment temperature will result in the dilution of thermal shock effect for the rocks at temperatures above $500^{\circ}C$. Eventually, a fitting formula was established to relate the dynamic peak strength of pretreated granite to the crack density, which is the exponential function.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2019

This investigation presented conventional triaxial and creep-permeability tests on sandstones considering thermally-induced damage (TID). The TID had no visible effects on rock surface color, effective porosity and permeability below $300^{\circ}C$ TID level. The permeability enlarged approximately two orders of magnitude as TID increased to $1000^{\circ}C$ level. TID of $700^{\circ}C$ level was a threshold where the influence of TID on the normalized mass and volume of the specimen can be divided into two linear phases. Moreover, no prominent variations in the deformation moduli and peak strength and strain appeared as TID< $500^{\circ}C$ level. It is interesting that the peak strength increased by 24.3% at $700^{\circ}C$ level but decreased by 11.5% at $1000^{\circ}C$ level. The time-related deformation and steady-state creep rate had positive correlations with creep loading and the TID level, whereas the instantaneous modulus showed the opposite. The strain rates under creep failure stresses raised 1-4 orders of magnitude than those at low-stress levels. The permeability was not only dependent on the TID level but also dependent on creep deformation. The TID resulted in large deformation and complexity of failure pattern for the sandstone.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2006

단단한 모래 입자와 연약하고 작은 고무 입자로 이루어진 Engineered Soil의 변형률에 따른 거동을 분석하기 위한 시험을 수행하였다. 파의 전파, $K_{o}$ 재하, 삼축 시험을 이용하여 단단한 입상 재료에서 연약한 입상 재료의 전이 거동을 파악하기 위해 다른 모래부피비를 가진 Engineered Soil을 준비하였다. 미소, 중간 및 대변형 변형계수는 단단한 입자의 부피비에 따라 직선 관계가 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 대신 변형계수들은 모래부피비가 $sf=0.6{\sim}0.8$ 사이의 threshold 값을 초과할 때 급격하게 증가하였다. 이는 단단한 입자들의 침투 네트워크(percolating network)의 형성을 나타낸다. 내부마찰각은 단단한 입자의 부피비가 증가함에 따라 증가한다. 반대로, 첨두 강도에서의 축변형률은 연약한 입자의 함유에 따라 증가하며, 모래부피비가 60% 이하인 Engineered Soil에서는 첨두 강도를 관찰 할 수 없었다. 연약한 입자의 존재는 하중 체인(farce chain)의 형성을 바꾼다. 연약한 입자들이 높은 하중 전달 체인(chain)의 역할을 못할 지라도, 단단한 입자 하중 체인의 뒤틀림 방지의 중요한 역할을 수행한다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2001

가연성 가스의 검지 및 인식을 위하여, SnO$_2$계열의 4가지 종류의 박막을 형성하였다. 감지막 형성을 위하여, Sn, Pt/Sn, Au/Sn 그리고 Pt, Au/Sn 막을 Sn의 열증착과 귀금속의 스퍼터링으로 증착하였다. 증착된 박막들을 $700^{\circ}C$ 정도에서 2 시간 열산화시켜 $SnO_2$계열의 감지막을 형성하였다. 제작된 박막은 tetragonal구조의 $SnO_2$이었고, 가스 흡착을 위한 가스 흡착점과 기공도를 많이 갖고 있었다. 스퍼터로 형성된 박막보다 열산화법으로 형성된 박막이 고감도를 보였다. 제작 박막들은 작업환경기준치정도의 저농도에서 측정 가연성 가스(부탄, 프로판, LPG, 일산화탄소)에 대해 고감도와 재현성을 나타내었다. 특히, 백금(30 $\AA$)을 첨가한 박막이 LPG와 부탄 가스에 대해, 순수 열산화된 $SnO_2$ 박막이 프로판과 일산화탄소에 대하여 가장 고감도를 나타내었다. 이들 센서들의 각 가스별로 차별화된 감도패턴을 이용하여 주성분 분석 기법을 통해 환경기준치(LEL, TLV) 범위에서 부탄, 프로판, LPG, 일산화탄소와 같은 가연성 가스의 종류 인식 및 정량을 인식할 수 있었다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2021

기존 H형강을 활용한 방음터널의 경우 높은 중량으로 하부구조에 많은 부담을 주기 때문에 경량화된 구조와 안정성을 모두 갖춘 신형식 거더 개발이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 H 형강 플랜지를 상/하현재로 대체하고, 복부판에 공동단면을 적용하여 새로운 방음 터널 거더 설계를 제안한다. 최적의 형상을 개발하기 위해 비지지 비율과 공극 단면 형상에 따른 구조물의 거동을 분석하였다. 비지지구간 비율이 감소할수록, 비지지구간 개수가 증가할수록 거더에 작용하는 축력이 증가하고 모멘트는 감소하였다. 또한, 복부판 공동 단면의 타원 장축의 길이가 길수록 응력집중계수가 감소하는 결과를 확인하였다. 방음터널 거더의 비지지구간 비율이 0.4, 비지지구간 개수가 16이고 복부판의 형상이 E180 단면일 때의 조합이 가장 유리하지만, 방음판에 대한 시공성을 고려하여 실제 방음터널의 최적 설계로 최대 비지지구간 개수를 13, 비지지구간 비율을 0.7로 채택하였다. 최적 매개변수를 적용한 아치형 거더 분석 결과, 복부판 공동단면의 장축의 길이가 길수록 구조적 효율과 경제성이 증가하지만, 단면부의 공동 단면의 장축 길이가 일정 구간 이상으로 커지면 최대처짐에 불리함을 확인하였다. 3개의 아치형 거더를 연결한 신형식 방음터널의 좌굴 안전성을 평가하여 좌굴에 있어 설계 하중에 비해 약 3.7배 이상 구조적 안전성을 확보하고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 경량화와 안전성을 동시에 만족하는 최적 설계를 제시하였다.