• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1996년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.34-44
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• 1996

N-machine produces more than input energy at above 3000 rpm. any space energy is absorbed when the N-machine is rotating at a very high velocity. Laws of electromagnetics verify that normal conduction is due to that electrons moves from one three-dimensional crystallizing ${\pi}-bonding$ orbital to next. The ${\pi}-far$ infrared rays are generated from the resonance and rotation of the electrons on the orbitals of three-dimensional crystallizing ${\pi}-bonding$ atoms. Material in universe is composed of ${\pi}-rays$, which have alternative outward electric field. If the alternative outward electric fields of the ${\pi}-rays$ are resonant each other they make attraction force, which is the gravity. The collection of space energy is due to a attraction force between the radially alternating electric field and the ${\pi}-far$ infrared rays in the space. Electrons flow by absorbed density difference of ${\pi}-far$ infrared rays along a conduction wire, which also verifies that normal electron conduction is due to a flow from one three-dimensional crystallizing ${\pi}-bonding$ orbital to next.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.309-316
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• 2020

본 연구는 도로 공간의 입체적 활용을 통한 도심재생 방안연구의 일환으로 일본의 입체도로제도에 대해서 분석하였다. 일본의 입체도로제도는 도로법, 도시계획법, 건축기준법의 3개의 법률을 일체적으로 운용해 왔으며, 특히 최근에는 도시계획법과 건축기준법이 개정되어 지구정비계획으로 중복이용구역이 설정된 모든 도로에서 입체도로제도의 적용이 가능해졌다. 입체도로제도 장점은 토지소유권자의 경우 도로상하공간의 이용이 자유로워지기 때문에 거주·영업이 지속가능하며, 도로관리자의 경우 도로로 이용하고자 하는 부분만 권리를 취득하기대문에 용지 취득비가 절감되는 장점이 있다. 또한 지역개발 측면에서 대규모 도로정비에 있어서 지역단절 개선 및 양호한 시가지를 형성할 수 있다. 입체도로제도의 적용 유형에 있어서는 고가도로, 지하도로, 자유통로, 주차장, 모노레일 등에서 일체구조와 분리구조의 형태로 다양하게 나타나고 있는데 도로를 일체적으로 정비하여 도로 상공에 건축물이 들어서 사업성 향상을 도모하고 있다. 또한 개발수법의 경우 도로와 건축물의 일체적 정비가 가능하여 개발계획의 자유도가 향상되며 도로법에 의한 관리 및 법률에 기초한 권한을 행사하여 관리상의 안정성 향상을 도모하고 있다. 이처럼 입체도로제도를 적용, 도로 공간의 입체적 활용을 통하여 제한된 가용부지를 최대한으로 활용하고 필요한 기능을 확보하여 개발지역의 지속가능성 및 양호한 시가지를 형성하고 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.888-895
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• 2022

Lately, ocean nuclear power plants have attracted attention as one of diverse uses of nuclear power plants. Because ocean nuclear power plants are movable or transportable, it is necessary to analyze the thermal hydraulics in a moving frame of reference, and computer codes have been developed to predict thermal hydraulics in large moving systems. The purpose of this study is to incorporate a three dimensional dynamic motion model into the SPACE code (Safety and Performance Analysis CodE) so that the code is able to analyze thermal hydraulics in an ocean nuclear power plant. A rotation system that describes three-dimensional rotations about an arbitrary axis was implemented, and modifications were made to the one-dimensional momentum equations to reflect the rectilinear and rotational acceleration effects. To demonstrate the code's ability to solve a problem utilizing a rotational frame of reference, code calculations were conducted on various conceptual problems in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional pipeline loops. In particular, the code results for the three-dimensional pipeline loop with a tilted rotation axis agreed well with the multi-dimensional CFD results.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.56-65
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• 1997

This research was conducted to suggest some directions for desirable urban green space planning through 1) establishing a new classification system by examining the existing concept, problems and characteristics of green space and 2) defining the essence of green space environment and finding some analytical and evaluative methods through a clear establishment of functions, indicators of green space. In the research, measurements of the amount of green space was accompanied with measurements of green covered space, green volume, and the structure of greenery within the frame of vision. As result, three-dimensional measurement was possible, three-dimensional measurement was possible, which turned out to be more effective than the existing 2-dimensional measuring method. It is found that the ratio of green covered space is to proportional to the ratio of green volume in this study. Therefore in green space planning process it is desirable to consider the ratio of green volume all together.

• Architectural research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2020

Numerous scholars have explored the modeling, control, and optimization of energy systems in buildings, offering new insights about technology and environments that can advance industry innovation. Eye trackers deliver objective eye-gaze data about visual and attentional processes. Due to its flexibility, accuracy, and efficiency in research, eye tracking has a control scheme that makes measuring rapid eye movement in three-dimensional space possible (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality). Because eye movement is an effective modality for digital interaction with a virtual environment, tracking how users scan a visual field and fix on various digital objects can help designers optimize building environments and materials. Although several scholars have conducted Virtual Reality studies in three-dimensional space, scholars have not agreed on a consistent way to analyze eye tracking data. We conducted eye tracking experiments using objects in three-dimensional space to find an objective way to process quantitative visual data. By applying a 12 × 12 grid framework for eye tracking analysis, we investigated how people gazed at objects in a virtual space wearing a headmounted display. The findings provide an empirical base for a standardized protocol for analyzing eye tracking data in the context of virtual environments.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.970-975
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• 2002

We suggests an effective method to construct time-varying C-obstacles in the 3-dimensional configuration space (C-space) using free arc. The concept of free arc was defined mathematically and the procedure to find free arc in the case off-dimensional C-space was derived in [1]. We showed that time-varying C-obstacles can be constructed efficiently using this concept, and presented simulation results for two SCARA robot manipulators to verify the efficacy of the proposed approach. In this paper, extensions of this approach to the 3-dimensional C-space is introduced since nearly all industrial manipulators are reasonably treated ill the too or three dimensional C-space f3r collision avoidance problem The free arc concept is summarized briefly and the method to find lice arc in the 3-dimensional f-space is explained. To show that this approach enables us to solve a practical collision avoidance problem simulation results f3r two PUMA robot manipulators are presented.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2019

Facing the challenges of urban form and space quality in a high-density environment, the paper puts forward the development trend of three-dimensional and multi-functional design for an urban high-rise complex, and analyzes the design methods of establishing an urban landmark, including multi-functional composition, three-dimensional space integration, three-dimensional traffic organization and energy flow programming. Meanwhile, combined with the specific design case of Yiwu World Trade Center, the practical experience of designing a high-rise complex in China's medium-sized cities is analyzed.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.606-608
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• 2003

This paper investigates the accuracy of three-dimensional positioning for EROS A stereo pairs when different numbers of ground control points are employed. The major works of the proposed schemes include: (1) initialization of orientation parameters (2) preliminary orbit fitting, (3) orbit refinement using the least squares filtering technique, and (4) space intersection. The experiment includes validation of positioning accuracy for an EROS A in-track stereo pair when different number of check points are employed.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2013

우주파편과의 위험성을 판단하는데 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 것이 충돌확률이며, 현재 널리 사용되고 있는 방법은 최근접거리를 이용한 2차원 선형 충돌확률 계산방법이다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라가 운용하거나 운용을 계획 중인 아리랑 2호, 3호, 5호 위성에 접근하는 물체의 접근 특성을 분석하고, 2차원 선형 충돌확률보다 더 정밀한 3차원 비선형 충돌확률의 특성을 STK/Nonlinear Collision Probability Tool을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 저궤도 위성인 아리랑 위성들에 대해 3차원 비선형 충돌확률의 효용성에 대해 고찰하였다. 분석결과 3차원 비선형 충돌확률은 350m/s 이하의 상대속도 영역에서 효용성이 있음을 확인하였으며, 우리나라 위성의 경우 낮은 상대속도를 가지고 접근하는 경우가 거의 없는 것으로 나타나 실질적으로 3차원 비선형 충돌확률에 대한 효용성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.455-465
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• 2020

As cities continue to expand and additional underground structures are constructed, a policy is being planned to expand addresses, which are national framework data. In this study, the application scope of a proposed 3D (three-dimensional) mixed-use complex space for assigning 3D addresses was defined, based on past research on 3D address systems and by analyzing related laws. Underpass shopping malls, underground walkways (excluding underground shopping malls), and 3D mixed-use transfer centers with a gross floor area of 2,000㎡ or more are connected with each space by underground walkways or public paths. In addition, the detailed space corresponding to the public space of the 3D mixed-use complex space was presented and distinguished from the space to which the detailed address is assigned. The criteria for setting the road section were presented based on the intermediate space, which is a characteristic of 3D mixed-use complex spaces. The proposed criteria were applied to the Express Bus Terminal station (3D mixed-use transfer center) and COEX mall (underpass shopping malls). Thus, the road section was set for an unfamiliar 3D mixed-use complex space. However, by applying the proposed criteria to various 3D mixed-use complex spaces, additional and detailed criteria for different cases should be prepared.