• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.242-250
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the appropriate operating conditions through a factorial experiment for the secondary separating part of the self-propelled pepper harvester. Methods: An experimental setup that simulates the secondary separating part of the self-propelled pepper harvester was organized. Test samples were classified into three types according to the number of peppers on a stem, and 12 sets were prepared for each type. Among the operating conditions of the secondary separating part, the rotational speed of drum B (four levels), radial clearance between drums and cylindrical teeth (three levels), and speed ratio between the three drums (two levels) were set as the test factors, and tests were repeated three times for different levels of each factor. The appropriate operating conditions were determined by analyzing the separation ratio and damage ratio of the peppers collected through the secondary separating part. Results: The test factors changed the overall separation ratio and overall damage ratio in similar trends. In other words, the conditions that caused high overall separation ratios also exhibited high overall damage ratios. Owing to the high overall damage ratio in the condition with the highest overall separation ratio, the operating conditions should be selected considering both ratios. Conclusions: When the condition with more than 60% of overall separation ratio and less than 15% of overall damage ratio was considered as the appropriate operating condition, 70 rpm of the rotational speed of drum B, 5 mm of the radial clearance between drums and cylindrical teeth, and 7:3:5 for the speed ratio of the three drums A, B, and C should be applied for the secondary separating part used in this study. Supplementary studies will be required in the future to find optimal operating conditions through the actual field test under further divided test factors.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.868-876
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile river puffer. Nine experimental diets were formulated with three energy levels and three protein levels at each energy levels. Three energy levels of 3000, 3750 and 4500 kcal diets were included at 45, 50 and 55% crude protein (CP) levels, respectively (45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000, 50P3750, 50P4500, 55P3000, 55P3750 and 55P4500). Fish averaging $3.43{\pm}0.02$ g randomly were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed the 50P4500 diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the 45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000 and 50P3750 diets (P<0.05), but there was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50P4500, 55P3750 and 55P4500 diets. Feed efficiency of fish fed the 50P4500 diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the 45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000 and 50P3750 diets (P<0.05), but there was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50P4500, 55P3000, 55P3750 and 55P4500 diets. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 45P3000 and 45P3750 diets was higher than that of fish fed 50P4500 and 55P4500, but there was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000, 50P3750, 55P3000 and 55P3750 diets. Based on weight gain, feed efficiency and specific growth rate, diets containing energy levels 4500 kcal/kg diet had an optimum P/E ratio of approximately 111 mg protein/kcal (50% crude protein) in juvenile river puffer.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze effects of soil, water level and shading on growth of sweet flag(Acorus calamus var. angustatus). Three types of soil were used, which included sandy, silty loam and paddy loam soil. Three levels of shading were applied in the experiment: no shading, 55％ shading and 75％ shading. The water levels were also adjusted to three levels in the experiment. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The cultivation of sweet flag in sandy soil with low water level resulted in decreased fresh weight compared to that at planting. This result indicates that the water level should be maintained higher than the soil surface for sweet flag growth in sandy soil. 2. 5 out of 72 sweet flags died in paddy loam soil. Water saturation of soil easily reduced paddy loam soil, and root growth of sweet flags in reduced soil condition were restricted, resulting in the dead plants. 3. The growth of sweet flag in paddy loam soil was worse than those in silty loam, indicating that reduced soil conditions in paddy loam is harmful to root growth. In planting sweet flags in paddy loam, improved soil aeration in paddy loam soil is necessary for good growth of sweet flag. 4. The maintaining of high water levels is better than that of low water levels in sweet flag cultivation. During winter, soil near the water surface froze and sweet flags in frozen soil were stressed physiologically. Maintaining high water levels prevents soil from being frozen which is good for the growth of sweet flags. 5. There was not significant difference in the growth of the sweet flag between non-shading and 55％ shading. It thus appears that sweet flags can grow soundly under shading rate lower than 55％.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제56권2호
• /
• pp.80-85
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Febrile seizures (FS) are seizures that occur between the age of 6 and 60 months, but its pathophysiology still is not fully understood. There is limited information about the correlation between levels of selenium and leptin with FS. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum levels of selenium and leptin in children with FS. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in a University Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran, in 2011. The serum levels of selenium and leptin of 25 children with simple febrile seizure (case group) were compared with 25 febrile children without seizure (control group) in acute phase and after three months. The levels of serum selenium and leptin were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, respectively. Results: In acute phase, the mean serum level of selenium in case and control groups were $95.88{\pm}42.55$ and $113.25{\pm}54.43{\mu}g/dL$, respectively, and difference was not significant (P=0.415), but after three months, this level had a significant increase in both groups (P<0.001). In acute phase, the mean serum leptin level in case and control groups were $0.94{\pm}0.5$ and $0.98{\pm}0.84$ ng/mL, respectively, but difference was not significant (P=0.405). After three months, serum leptin level had no significant change in both groups (P=0.882). Conclusion: These observations suggest that serum levels of selenium and leptin have not specific relation with FS but overllay is lower, however, further study is recommended. Also selenium level in stress and acute phase was significantly lower than recovery phase.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제51권6호
• /
• pp.505-512
• /
• 2006

In Korea, silicate fertilization (SF) is being practiced every four years to enhance rice production. However, the relationship between nitrogen (N) and SF in view of growth characteristics and grain yield of rice has not been examined after watermelon cropping in plastic film house. This study was carried out to identify useful critical N and Si fertilizer levels to sustain grain yield and to improve N use efficiency for rice. The watermelon-rice cropping system has maintained for three seasons in each year from 1998 to 2001 by farmer before this experiment. Experiments on N and Si fertilization levels were evaluated with Hwayoungbyeo (Oryza sativa L.) in 2002 and 2003 at Uiryeong, Korea. The goal of this experiment was to find out the optimum N and Si levels to sustain rice yield by reducing excessive N fertilizer in watermelon-rice cropping system. Nitrogen fertilization (NF) levels were three ($0,\;57,\;114kg\;ha^{-1};0,\;50,\;100%$ of conventional NF amount) and five (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) in 2002 and 2003, respectively, and combined with three SF levels ($70,\;130,\;180mg\;kg^{-1};100,\;150,\;200%$ which were adjusted with Si fertilizer in soil) were evaluated for the improvement of N and Si fertilization level in both years. Rice yielded 3.98-5.95 and 2.84-4.02 t/ha in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Our results showed the combinations of 50% and 100% of N with 200% level of Si produced the highest grain yield in both years, respectably. The grain yield was greatly improved in plot of N25% level when compared to conventional NF (Nl00%) in 2003. In conclusion, NF amount could be reduced about 50% compared to recommended level by specific fertilization of N and Si combination levels for rice growing and grain yield after cultivation watermelon in paddy field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.389-393
• /
• 2003

Present study investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation, methods (applied to rumen or enzyme treated diet) compared with no enzyme diet, on rumen fermentation and apparent nutrient digestibility in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with three rumen cannulated Korean Native goats. In situ rumen degradation kinetics was studied in three rumen cannulated Holstein steers. Three diets were, no enzyme, 1% enzyme in rumen and 1% enzyme in diet. The enzyme was sprayed onto forage, and the forage: concentrate ratio was 30:70. Degradation kinetics was studied with three enzyme levels (0, 1 and 2%, w/w) and four pre-treatment times (0, 1, 12 and 24 h). Results suggested that enzyme application method did not affect rumen fermentation, ruminal enzyme activity and total tract apparent digestibility. Nutrient degradation rate and effective degradability of DM, NDF and ADF increased with increasing enzyme level and pre-treatment times. Degradation of nutrients was affected by enzymes levels or pre-treatment times. Therefore, it is probable that the improved degradation may be due to the supplemented exogenous hydrolytic enzymes under a certain condition.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.71-79
• /
• 2020

Background: The glenoid version of the shoulder joint correlates with the stability of the glenohumeral joint and the clinical results of total shoulder arthroplasty. We sought to analyze and compare the glenoid version measured by traditional axial two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images at different levels. Methods: A total of 30 cases, including 15 male and 15 female patients, who underwent 3D shoulder CT imaging was randomly selected and matched by sex consecutively at one hospital. The angular difference between the scapular body axis and 2D CT slice axis was measured. The glenoid version was assessed at three levels (midpoint, upper one-third, and center of the lower circle of the glenoid) using Friedman's method in the axial plane with 2D CT images and at the same level of three different transverse planes using a 3D reconstructed image. Results: The mean difference between the scapular body axis on the 3D reconstructed image and the 2D CT slice axis was 38.4°. At the level of the midpoint of the glenoid, the measurements were 1.7°±4.9° on the 2D CT images and -1.8°±4.1° in the 3D reconstructed image. At the level of the center of the lower circle, the measurements were 2.7°±5.2° on the 2D CT images and -0.5°±4.8° in the 3D reconstructed image. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at all three levels. Conclusions: The glenoid version is measured differently between axial 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at three levels. Use of 3D reconstructed imaging can provide a more accurate glenoid version profile relative to 2D CT. The glenoid version is measured differently at different levels.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 1987

Plasma levels of lipoproteins were observed in vegetarians and non-vegetarians in order to compare the values between the two groups with different dietary habits, and among different age groups. All 162 vegetarians and 95 non-vegetarians were selected for this study. In detail, male vegetarians subjects were devided into three groups according to their ages, 20's, 30's and 40's. And three control groups were also selected at matching basis. Two groups each were selected for female subjects in their 20's and 40's. All ten groups were adopted and the lipids levels were compared appropriately. Plasma $pre-{\beta}-lipoprotein$ levels of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were not significantly in all groups. And plama ${\alpha}-lipporoten$ levels of non-vegetarians were higher than the ones for vegetarians as compared with male of 20's, male 30's and female of 40's, and it was not significantly as compared with female of 20's. And plasma ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ levels of vegetarians were significantly lower than the ones for non-vegetarians in all groups. Most of plasma lipoprotein levels measured were found to be lower in vegetarians and tended to be higher age groups of both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. And plasma ${\alpha}-lipoprotein$ levels which is known to be adversely related to atheroscherosis were higher in non-vegetarians, it can be concluded in this study that the plasma lipoprotein levels of non-vegetarians under Korea dietary patterns are quite acceptable.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.330-335
• /
• 2004

Changes in functional constituents of rice germ prepared using three different heat pretreatments: roasting, steaming and microwave heating, were determined and compared with those of non-treated rice germ. The yield of rice germ oil increased generally and then decreased with increasing time for all three heat pretreatments, although the yields of rice germ oil varied among the three heat pretreatments. There were no major differences in fatty acid compositions among the rice germ oils subjected to the three different heat pretreatments. Levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol in rice germ oil increased up to about 1.5 times at 3 min of roasting and microwave heating, compared to control, and then decreased with increasing treatment time, but $\alpha$­tocopherol concentrations in rice germ oil gradually decreased with increasing steaming time. The contents of three phytosterols ($\beta$-sitosterol, stigmasterol and ergosterol) decreased progressively with increases in roasting and steaming time, while concentrations of the three phytosterols increased up to - 15$\%$ with 3 min of microwave process as compared to control, and then decreased thereafter. Levels of $\gamma$-oryzanol in rice germ oil decreased gradually with increasing time during all three different heat pretreatments. However, levels of $\gamma$ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rice germ decreased gradually with increasing roasting time, while those of GABA increased greatly up to about 2 times after 10 min of steaming process, and then decreased slowly thereafter. During microwave heating, the contents of GABA increased at 3 min of treatment time and then decreased. These results suggest that microwave heating may be the most suitable processing method to preserve functional constituents in rice germ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권9호
• /
• pp.1362-1370
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on composition of odorous compounds and bacterial communities in pig manure. A total of 48 male pigs (average initial body weight 45 kg) fed diets containing three levels of dietary CP (20%, 17.5%, and 15%) and their slurry samples were collected from the pits under the floor every week for one month. Changes in composition of odorous compounds and bacterial communities were analyzed by gas chromatography and 454 FLX titanium pyrosequencing systems, respectively. Levels of phenols, indoles, short chain fatty acid and branched chain fatty acid were lowest (p<0.05) in CP 15% group among three CP levels. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and bacterial genera including Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Atopostipes, Peptonphilus, Ruminococcaceae_uc, Bacteroides, and Pseudomonas was lower (p<0.05) in CP 15% than in CP 20% group. There was a positive correlation (p<0.05) between odorous compounds and bacterial genera: phenol, indole, iso-butyric acid, and iso-valeric acid with Atopostipes, p-cresol and skatole with Bacteroides, acetic acid and butyric acid with AM982595_g of Porphyromonadaceae family, and propionic acid with Tissierella. Taken together, administration of 15% CP showed less production of odorous compounds than 20% CP group and this result might be associated with the changes in bacterial communities especially whose roles in protein metabolism.