• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.1 no.2 s.2
• /
• pp.68-84
• /
• 1992

The development of Buddhist architectures of the Unified Silla period have been generally understood to have paired pagoda instead of one which had been popular until before the unification. Besides the stylistic categorization of paired pagoda system, there had been no further investigation reported concerning whether there was any detailed process of change within the development of paired pagoda style. This paper aims to identify such change inside the development of paired pagoda style, which, externally, seems to be the same pattern of site design maintained throughout the period of Unified Silla that lasted for about three centuries. Since the temple sites of study are in the same pattern of layout, the method of investigation has to be such that can identify the subtle changes that, in external appearance, are not easily discernible. Hence, this research compared the dimensions of important measurement of five temple sites to be able to clarify the process of minor changes. Among many sites of Silla temples, only five were suitable for the research since detailed measurement were possible through field research or the report of excavation. They are the sites of Sachonwang-sa, Mangduk-sa, site of Kunsuri, and Bulguk-sa. Although the five sites have the same style of paired pagoda, it is clear that there were consistant flow of change. Even though the motivation of such change were not strong enough to change the site pattern itself, it resulted continuous minor changes such as the size and location of architectures. The size of image hall, for example, was growing larger and larger as time goes on, while, the size of Pagoda was getting smaller. In the same way, the size of middle gate became smaller while the size of lecture hall became larger, although the rate of change in these cases were not as severe as that of image hall and pagoda. At the same time, pagoda was coming closer to the middle gate leaving larger space in front of the image hall. Such aspect is even more meaningful considering the fact that the pagoda, from the 8th century in Japan and China, moved outside of the major precinct. The image hall, too, moved toward the middle gate slightly so that the space in front of the lecture hall became more spacious. Such changes, of course, were not accidental but they are the same continuous motivation of change that caused the changes before the period of unification. Enlargement of image hall and reduction of pagoda, for example, represent the changing relative importance of religious meaning. Hence, it is evident that one can not easily imterprete the development of one style only by categorizing it to be one same style. In the veiwpoint of the underlying motivation of change, the fact that one style persisted for a certain period of time, does not mean there had been no change, but means that it was the time of motivational accumulation, causing minor changes within the same style, to be able to create major change coming after.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.163-179
• /
• 2003

The records of about 60 travel essays of the Hall of Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda which was built in Chung Yang Temple passed down since 1525. The chronological change of that Hall architecture according to each period was traced upon. The building structure of the Hall of Bhaisajyaguru Budda which has a roundabout way, and 6 pillars inside, sometimes each 6 pillars inside and outside is hexagonal, one story building in Japanese colonial period(picture 3-1) or the present(picture 3-3). The panaromic picture of Chung Yang Temple shows no alterations of the layout of buildings(picture 1-1), in which the Hall of $Praj{\tilde{n}}{\bar{a}}$(般若殿), the main building in the center and the Hall of Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda, three story stone pagoda, stone lighthouse in front of it became the central axis. The Hall of Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda remained as it was until Japanese invasions in 1592 and 1597. However, it was greatly damaged by the flood in 1717. It was newly built by Lee Ha Gon's leading in 1717-1732. At that time, the interior design was changed. With Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda, 53 Buddhas and ${\acute{S}}arira$ of Stone stupa which show itself by the flood in 1717 was located in the image of the Mountain of Chunchuk or Cheontae like Yu Jeom Temple. The doors of this Hall are located in the front and back. In the four walls each, two realistic and cubic buddhism pictures were drawn, The color of those picture was partly taken off in 1671 and repainted in 1714. The new building in 1717-1732 regained its colorful appearance. However, the names written beside each Images of Buddha disappeared. The notable remark in these records is that some of these travel essays in 17th-18th centuries was calling this hexagonal hall as the octagonal one. It is very important records because it means that before 1525 the octagonal hall might have existed. Chung Yang Temple was rebuilt between 1976 and 1985 after the destruction in the Korean War. After the records are carefully read, the full scale excavation about this historic site was not done yet. The interesting issue of the existence of octagonal building will be resolved by the full scale excavation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.50 no.7
• /
• pp.47-58
• /
• 2000

Prime Minister Kim tart-song is said to have built this cave temple in the tenth year of the reign of King Kyongdok-wang(742-765) of Unified Shilla(751). The numerous stone Buddhist images in the grotto represent the best Buddhist figure of the Unified Shilla period and of all Korea. The Sokkuram Grotto is composed of the main hall, entrance to the main chamber and antechamber in space. The main hall beyond the small antechamber is round and the ceilling is domed. Within the rotunda sits a majestic Buddha(Amitabha), 3.48m in height and 2.6m in width, carved in granite and facing east. Surrounding the main Seated Buddha are eleven-headed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, Manjusri Bodhisattva and the other three Buddhist images, Ten disciples, Buddhist figures in the ten Niches in relief. An eleven-headed Avalokltesvara Bodhisattva of boundless mercy is sculptured on the wall behind the main Seated Buddha. Further guarding the Buddha are ten standing Arhans of the Disciples of Buddha. Next, two Devas. one on each side, stand guard. Two Bodhisattvas are the saints who are next to the Seated Buddha in importance, also one on each side. And, There are ten niches around the dome. They contain seven seated Bodhisattvas and one Vimalakirti(the name of a famous lay disciple of the Buddha). Two niches are empty. Consequently, there are total thirty-eight Buddhist images in the Sokkuram cave temple. The Buddhist images have been reguarded as masterpieces of Buddhist art and Shilla culture of Unified Shilla in the eightth century. The Buddhist images are represented very dear, elegance and beauty of detail skill

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.127-150
• /
• 2012

A survey showed that the public perception of the shipping industry's overall image and economic role was relatively positive. The survey revealed that public perception was mixed with respect to the multifaceted role of the shipping industry. Based on the results of this survey, this paper proposes three approaches to improving the public perception of the shipping industry. The organization contact approach includes establishing shipping institutes for city people, holding various events targeted at the public, establishing a shipping memorial hall, developing a shipping-related culture and tourism, reinventing the image of the shipping industry through a shipping-culture movement, and creating new views of the shipping industry by conducting formal education. The goods and services contact approach includes building a brand image for shipping services, providing B2C services, utilizing the national image for the shipping industry, and participating in international cooperation projects. The text contact approach includes B2B advertising, advertisements focused on the national economic and multifaceted role of the shipping industry, package advertisements for the shipping industry and related industries, the Internet and high-technology media, government-initiated PR activities regarding the multifaceted role of the shipping industry, and funding for advertising the shipping industry.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.164-179
• /
• 2014

The Buddhas of the Three Words in a form of arranging Bhaiṣajyaguru and $Amit{\bar{a}}bha$ at its side based on ${\acute{S}}{\bar{a}}kyamuni$ at the center is enshrined in Daeungbojeon Hall of Daeheungsa Temple located at Haenam. So far, this Buddhas of the Three Words has been known as a wooden Buddha statue. However, as a result of X-ray screening, in left/right Buddha statues excepting main Buddha, wood and molding clay layer were observed at the same time. Therefore, this study intended to observe its internal structure, grafting method and to clarify making technique of Buddha statue during Joseon era based on image information being obtained through X-ray screening of The Buddhas of the Three Words of Daeheungsa Temple. As its result, it was revealed that form of ${\acute{S}}{\bar{a}}kyamuni$ was completed by mainly grafting 5 pieces of timber and this statue shows a typical wood grafted Buddha statue during Joseon era. Form of Bhaiṣajyaguru and $Amit{\bar{a}}bha$ were completed based on molding technique by applying clay on sculpture similar to its appearance after sculpturing more than 10 pieces of timber through its grafting. In other words, internal timber is considered to play a role of its core and grafting method of timber is more close to a technique of molding Buddha statue than to that of wooden Buddha statue during Joseon era. However, clay was directly applied on timber thinly, not applying clay thickly on it after winding straw rope on wooden core and its characteristic is that its facial area was completely composed of wooden construction only. Therefore, it is hard to rule out a possibility that the original sculpturing intention of an artist might be a wooden Buddha statue but in view of the fact that a word, 'molding' was used in a record of relics buried in statue, it could be seen that this Buddha statue might have been recognized as a molding statue at the time when creation of this statue was completed. It is considered that number of case of making statue based on this technique would be more increased when more results of X-ray screening should be accumulated and if more data should be collected, it would provide a significant evidence for identifying chronological, regional aspects of making technique of Buddha statue.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.30
• /
• pp.7-32
• /
• 2012

Korea faces The 2014 Incheon Asian Games and 2018 Pyungchang Winter Olympics. It is imperative to hold a safe event for the economic benefits, enhancing Korea's image, social integration, national harmony and unity in order to be evaluated as a successful international event. Furthermore, since the international event tends to draw many spectators, the host country must be ready to accommodate a large number of injured people in the event of an accident or terror attack. As stadiums for international events are where a large number of spectators gather in, a large refuge is essential, when dangerous situations happen. In this study, evacuation simulation was conducted using three scenarios in order to predict escape behaviors of spectators during the large escape by destruction of safety systems of stadiums and assess escape safety. As the result, the following results and proposals were extracted. Firstly, it is considered that dangerous situations during the security of stadiums should be predicted in advance and concrete plans for a large refuge of spectators have to be established to minimize damage. Secondly, it was found that the reduction in evacuation exits has an important impact on evacuation in an emergency situation. It implies that securing escape exits are quite important. Thirdly, there were areas where spectators stayed, due to blocked escape exits, while they were dispersed and concentrated at once. It demonstrates that security plans considering properties of facilities are required to solve these problems.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.19 no.4 s.66
• /
• pp.175-186
• /
• 2006

In the 21C, each nation controls exhaust fumes from automobiles and makes an effort to develop alternative energy because of serious environmental problem. Jechon area has many historical and cultural archeological sites. And Jechon city sponsors various cultural events. But the way of transportation which is connected with Jecheon and around sightseeing places is general and not ready yet. Therefore, if a special means of vehicle is developed, it could play an another role of sightseeing resources. Special identity of Jecheon area for establishment of green vehicle traffic system which gives Jecheon area specific character was investigated for theoretical background. Traffic system was studied for establishment of direction through existent successful case study. Moreover content, method, structure and advantage & shortcoming etc. of vehicle that use green energy resource such as solar car, fuel cell car, hybrid car, natural gas car etc. were examined. The suitable means of vehicle for Jechon area was proposed to three directions with research and investigation. After comparison and investigation by inquiry of each section's experts, the most suitable traffic system of which energy resource of car, form of vehicles, the complement, dimension of vehicles etc. were decided. Design proposal should be drawn according to process of automobile design in decided direction. Special Exterior design of vehicle that use green energy resource connecting Jecheon and around area should be suggested in Jecheon City Hall and Chungchong-bukdo provincial office for vivify image of cleanliness area.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2019

In this paper, we review the applicability of fog screen to implement 'Spatial Augmented Reality' which displays the image on the whole space of real space or in real space by separating display equipment and user, in contrast to the traditional Augmented Reality. Through three exhibitions and one performance, we confirmed t hat the fog screen, which can be passed through, is a suitable material for implementing the Spatial Augment ed Reality. We found that the hologram production was easier than before because of fog screen. Through the questionnaire survey conducted on performers along with the exhibition, we found that only about half of people know what a fog screen is, and about 10% of the total respondents saw the fog screen. In order to investigate the effect of fog screen on the surrounding space, we conducted an experiment to observe the change of humidity according to the time and distance in the Children's Culture Center of the Asian Culture Center. We found that the humidity within a radius of 5m around the fog screen could increase by 2~3%($6,400m^3$ standard). Thus we provided some safety requirement with fog screen when works made of materials vulnerable to moisture such as paint, paper, and wood are exhibited at the same time with fog screen in the exhibition hall.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.45-58
• /
• 2014

The Korean Culture Contents spread out to Worldwide, because the Korean wave is sweeping in the world. The contents stand in the middle of the Korean wave that we are used it. Each country is ongoing to keep their Culture industry improve the national brand and High added value. Performing contents is important factor of arousal in the enterprise industry. To improve high arousal confidence of product and positive attitude by populace is one of important factor by advertiser. Culture contents is the same situation. If culture contents have trusted by everyone, they will give information their around to spread word-of-mouth. So, many researcher study to measure for person's arousal analysis by statistical survey, physiological response, body movement and facial expression. First, Statistical survey has a problem that it is not possible to measure each person's arousal real time and we cannot get good survey result after they watched contents. Second, physiological response should be checked with surround because experimenter sets sensors up their chair or space by each of them. Additionally it is difficult to handle provided amount of information with real time from their sensor. Third, body movement is easy to get their movement from camera but it difficult to set up experimental condition, to measure their body language and to get the meaning. Lastly, many researcher study facial expression. They measures facial expression, eye tracking and face posed. Most of previous studies about arousal and interest are mostly limited to reaction of just one person and they have problems with application multi audiences. They have a particular method, for example they need room light surround, but set limits only one person and special environment condition in the laboratory. Also, we need to measure arousal in the contents, but is difficult to define also it is not easy to collect reaction by audiences immediately. Many audience in the theater watch performance. We suggest the system to measure multi-audience's reaction with real-time during performance. We use difference image analysis method for multi-audience but it weaks a dark field. To overcome dark environment during recoding IR camera can get the photo from dark area. In addition we present Multi-Audience Engagement Index (MAEI) to calculate algorithm which sources from sound, audience' movement and eye tracking value. Algorithm calculates audience arousal from the mobile survey, sound value, audience' reaction and audience eye's tracking. It improves accuracy of Multi-Audience Engagement Index, we compare Multi-Audience Engagement Index with mobile survey. And then it send the result to reporting system and proposal an interested persons. Mobile surveys are easy, fast, and visitors' discomfort can be minimized. Also additional information can be provided mobile advantage. Mobile application to communicate with the database, real-time information on visitors' attitudes focused on the content stored. Database can provide different survey every time based on provided information. The example shown in the survey are as follows: Impressive scene, Satisfied, Touched, Interested, Didn't pay attention and so on. The suggested system is combine as 3 parts. The system consist of three parts, External Device, Server and Internal Device. External Device can record multi-Audience in the dark field with IR camera and sound signal. Also we use survey with mobile application and send the data to ERD Server DB. The Server part's contain contents' data, such as each scene's weights value, group audience weights index, camera control program, algorithm and calculate Multi-Audience Engagement Index. Internal Device presents Multi-Audience Engagement Index with Web UI, print and display field monitor. Our system is test-operated by the Mogencelab in the DMC display exhibition hall which is located in the Sangam Dong, Mapo Gu, Seoul. We have still gotten from visitor daily. If we find this system audience arousal factor with this will be very useful to create contents.