• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.209-217
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• 2002

In this study, I analyzed single people time use and leisure behavior. I have compared patterns of time use of the single people who completed a survey for this study with the data from Time Use Survey(Korea National Statistics office, 1999). The survey participants included 160 single people who were thirty- to forty-years-old and who were living alone. The data from the Time Use Survey by NSO contained 2,004 married people cases and 30,155 unmarried individuals cases. The major findings are as follows: First, the single people who participated in this study were not especially anti-marriage; they simply have not been married yet and were living in a one-person household. Second, single people spent more time at work and less time for leisure and socializing than two comparative groups. Third, single people spent more time for household labor than other groups, and the only exception was the married female group. There was no gender difference in the time spent at household work Finally, single people tended to spend their leisure time with passive activities such as reading a newspaper or a magazine, watching television, and listening to the radio.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.889-900
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• 2013

Objectives : Molecular biology techniques were employed to assess diversity of bacterial in children's dental caries. Methods : DNA of germs was extracted and the diversity of the 16S rRNA clones was analyzed by amplified rDNA restriction analysis and sequencing. The experimental samples were pit and fissure caries (PC), deep dentinal caries (DC), smooth surface caries (SC), and supragingival plaque (PQ) from 50 children of age less than 12 years old. The control group was healthy teeth supragingival plaque (HT). Thirty clones from each 16S rRNA clone library of 5 samples were randomly selected, thus a total of 150 clones were analyzed. Results : Amplified rDNA restriction analysis uncovered 18, 20, 11, 17, and 22 phylotypes from healthy teeth, pit and fissure caries, deep dentinal caries, smooth surface caries, and supragingival plaque, respectively. Sequencing analysis found the dominance of Actinomycs naeslundii and Fusobacterium nucleatum in the healthy teeth; Leptotrichia sp. in the pit and fissure caries; Actinomyces sp., Streptococcus mutans, and Rahnella aquatilis in the deep dentinal caries; Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces sp. in the smooth surface caries; Enterobacter hormaechei and Streptococcus sanguinis in the supragingival plaque. Conclusions : Clonal analysis identified 6 phyla, 20 genera, and 51 species.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.106-121
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• 2017

This study was to identify underlying dimensions of service encounter quality, to test difference in service encounter quality between interpersonal service(IPS) and self-service technology(SST) and to predict service effectiveness and behavioral intentions in the fashion retail context. A field experimental study was designed for collecting data. Repeat sampling frames were involved in two types of service encounters: interpersonal service and self-service technology within the store environment. Thirty participants served as subjects. Sample represents more females than males, and age was ranged from 20 to 33 years old (Mean=24.2). The result suggested that service encounter quality consisted of competence, dedication, and listening. There was a significant mean difference on listening factor of service encounter quality between IPS and SST. For the interpersonal service, dedication and listening had significant effects on service effectiveness. For the self-service technology, competence and listening had significant effects on service effectiveness. In the IPS condition, the service effectiveness significantly affected the revisit intention, whereas it was not significantly related to the revisit intention in the SST condition. This study discussed managerial implications for fashion retailers seeking to effectively manage service quality by specifying interpersonal service versus self-service technology in the retail environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.344-353
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• 2002

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest the basic data of forest in the Cheongoksan and near the ridge area, the Baekdudaegan, thirty-five plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divined by four groups of Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla(I). Q. mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum(II). Q. mongolica-Tripterygium regelii(III), and Q. mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community(IV). The structure of communities were investigated using importance value by layer. The survey results were summarized as follows:1) the results of annual ring analysis revealed that the age of forest in the Cheongoksan was about 30~150 years old, 2) number of the average species was 6.5$\pm$1.8 and number of average individuals was 68.3$\pm$39.9 per a plot(100$m^2$). From the above results, it was anticipated that Q. mongolica stand will be old-growth forest because they do not have competitor species and a specific ridge environment.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-151
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• 2023

Background: Dental anxiety is a matter of serious concern to pediatric dentists as it may impede the efficient delivery of dental care. If not adequately resolved, a persistent negative response pattern may emerge. Thaumaturgy, commonly known as magic trick, has become popular recently. It is a tool that distracts and relaxes the child by using magic trick while the dentist performs necessary treatment. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Thaumaturgic aid in alleviation of anxiety in 4-6 - year-old children during administration of local anesthesia using the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) technique. Methods: Thirty children aged between 4-6 years with dental anxiety requiring IANB were included in this study. Patients were divided equally into two groups: Group I, thaumaturgic aid group and Group II, conventional non-pharmacological group using randomization. Anxiety was measured before and after using the intervention with Raghavendra Madhuri Sujata-Pictorial scale (RMS-PS), Venham's anxiety rating scale, and pulse rate. All the data were tabulated and compared using statistical analysis. Results: Children in thaumaturgy group (Group- I) exhibited significantly lower anxiety during IANB in comparison with children in the conventional group (Group- II) and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Magic tricks are effective in reducing anxiety among young children during IANB; Moreover, it expands the arsenal of behavior guidance techniques for treatment of children with anxiety and plays an important role in shaping the behavior of a child in pediatric dentistry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 2010

Background and Objectives : This study was designed to examine the effect of nasal cavity surgery on voice in terms of nasalance by using subjective test, Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Nasometer and compare the pre op and post op results among patiets with nasal cavity disease. Materials and Method : From April 2009 to November 2009, data of thirty one patients who underwent nasal cavity surgery were prospectively evaluated. 24 males and 7 females with age range between 12 years to 80 years old (average 34 years old) were chosen. VAS was questioned to patients group before, after 1 week, after 1 month, and after 3 months from the surgery. Nasometer, was also conducted. Results: After the surgery symptoms like nasal obstruction, mouth breath, snoring, and sleep apnea were all improved. Improvements for nasal obstruction and mouth breath were observed statistically in post operative day (POD) 1 month and POD 3 months. Also snoring was improved statistically in POD 1 month. Objective nasalance test showed increases in a single and double vowel for POD 3 months. Only /je/ sound statistically-significant increased in all post operative periods. Nasalance increase were observed in other test results. Conclusion : All the symptoms are improved after nasal cavity surgery. Also there are some nasalance changes during whole period of study and return to the pre operative state in POD 3 months. Therefore, patients must be warned and understood about nasalance changes, and surgeons need to aware of various facts, which can affect voice changes before the surgery.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.125-147
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• 1997

This study was conducted in order to identify the extent to which Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs explain the likelihood of taking preventive behaviors for AIDS among the young adolescents in Korea. HBM was applied as the theoretical framework for developing questionnaire items in this study. The survey instrument included all of the constructs of Health Belief Model, namely, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, cue to actions for preventive behaviors concerning AIDS. Additionally, demographic characteristics of the respondents, their sexual experiences, and AIDS Knowledge Test were included in the study. Each of HBM constructs were developed with a 5-point Likert type scale from l(never agree) to 5 (absolutely agree). The survey was conducted with a total of 247 military men in a city on September 18, 1996, using self-reported questionnaire. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1. Because the subjects for this study were military soldiers, their demographic characteristics were limited to all men, young age, and ummarried. Educational status was evenly distributed between high school graduates and university students. 2. On the average, the respondents started their first sexual relationship at 18 years old and 82.6% of them did not use condom when having their first sexual experience. Thirty-one percent of the subjects had sexual contact with prostitutes and the average number of sexual contact with prostitutes was 5 times during the past 2 years. 3. The results of AIDS Knowledge Test scores demonstrated that the respondents had a high level of knowledge about AIDS. However, some misconceptions about transmission of AIDS through casual contact were still prevailed. Sixty-six percent of the respondents expressed that people infected with HIV should be isolated from the society in order to protect the general public. 4. All the respondents expressed that they had heard about AIDS before. TV was found to be the source which provided information on AIDS most frequently. 5. Among fundamental constructs of Health Belief Model, scores of perceived benefit of taking preventive action against AIDS marked the highest score, while scores of perceived susceptibility were the lowest. As a result of Multiple Stepwise Regression analysis, 13 variable groups were found to predict the preventive action by 25%. Among them, only perceived benefit variables was the most significant factor to explain preventive behaviors by 17%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.155-168
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• 2011

This study was conducted to assess needs of self-management nutrition program for diabetic patients. The survey was conducted among 100 diabetic patients, and the mean age of the subjects was 54.2 years old. Thirty three percent of the subjects were diagnosed diabetes less than 2 years ago. The average nutrition knowledge score about diabetes was 10.2 point, and percentages of correct answers were very high in 'foods rich in fiber' (97.0%), 'relevance of exercise and insulin' (97.0%), 'quantity of insulin injection' (91.0%), and 'diabetes menu' (91.0%). The sources of nutrition information were hospitals/healthcare centers (56.1%), TV/radio (19.2%), and internet (13.1%). Sixty nine percent of the subjects have experienced nutrition education on subjects as 'menu planning skills'(22.4%), 'selecting foods' (22.4%), 'relevance of blood glucose and eating foods' (21.5%) by personal counseling (54.4%). The total score of eating behavior was higher after diagnosed diabetes (35.3) than before (30.0) (p < 0.001). The preferred topics in developing diabetes nutrition information websites were 'diabetes mellitus', 'relevance of blood glucose and foods', and 'selecting foods for diabetes'. The subjects wanted the websites developed by 'using mainly illustrations, pictures, tables' (22.8%) and 'using simple design' (19.6%). The preferred contents in developing diabetes self-management nutrition program were 'dietary life diagnosis', 'chronic disease risk diagnosis', 'calorie control by selecting foods and cooking skills', and 'dietary assessment'. In designing the program, the subjects' most wanted designs were 'be handy and simple in using' (29.3%), 'using simple design' (17.9%), and 'using mainly illustrations, pictures, tables' (15.7%).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 1990

Between January 197l and December 1987, 113 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) were treated by radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in the department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University Hospital. There were 19 patients under thirty years of age. The histology was undifferentiated carcinoma in $68\%$ of the younger patients as compared to $47\%$ of the older patients. Sex, stage, initial symptoms and treatment modalities differed little from those of older patients. In younger patients, the initial complete response rate was $79\%$ as compared to older patients with $54\%$, distant metastases were more common and the overall five year survival rate was not significantly different between the two age groups ($33.7\%$ for the young vs. $37.4\%$ for the old). The five year survival rates for stage III and IV were $60.0\%$ and $24.5\%$, respectively. Histologic subtype was not correlated with survival. The best survival was found only in patients who obtained a complete clearance of disease after radiation therapy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.252-257
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• 2015

Background: Lobectomy is the generally accepted standard treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, especially in elderly patients, it is often necessary to perform pneumonectomy in order to maximize the likelihood of curative treatment, although pneumonectomy is a challenging procedure. Methods: We analysed patients who were clinically diagnosed with stage I NSCLC and underwent pneumonectomy with curative intent from 2004 to 2011. The patients were divided into an elderly group (${\geq}70$ years) and a younger group (<70 years). We retrospectively analysed the outcomes of these groups of patients in order to characterize the role of pneumonectomy as a treatment for elderly patients with clinical stage I NSCLC. Results: Thirty patients younger than 70 years of age (younger group) and fourteen patients 70 years of age or older (elderly group) who underwent pneumonectomy were enrolled in the present study. The median follow-up period was 35 months (range, 0 to 125 months). The perioperative mortality rate (within 90 days after the operation) was 7.1% in the elderly group and 6.7% in the younger group (p=0.73). No significant differences between the two groups were observed regarding the occurrence of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia, bronchopleural fistula, and vocal cord paralysis. The overall five-year survival rate was 79.4% in the younger group and 35.7% in the elderly group, which was a significant difference (p=0.018). The five-year disease-free survival rate was 66.7% in the younger group and 35.7% in the elderly group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.23). Conclusion: Although elderly patients with early stage lung cancer showed a worse long-term survival rate after pneumonectomy than younger patients, the outcomes of elderly patients were similar to those of younger patients in terms of perioperative mortality and postoperative complications. Patients should not be denied pneumonectomy solely due to old age.