• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2015

Purpose: Brain surface intensity model (BSIM)-based cortical thickness analysis does not require complicated 3D segmentation of brain gray/white matters. Instead, this technique uses the local intensity profile to compute cortical thickness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of BSIM-based cortical thickness analysis using images from elderly participants. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy elderly participants (ages, 55-84 years) were included in this study. High-resolution 3D T1-spoiled gradient recalled-echo (SPGR) images were obtained using 3T MRI. BSIM-based processing steps included an inhomogeneity correction, intensity normalization, skull stripping, atlas registration, extraction of intensity profiles, and calculation of cortical thickness. Processing steps were automatic, with the exception of semiautomatic skull stripping. Individual cortical thicknesses were compared to a database indicating mean cortical thickness of healthy adults, in order to produce Z-score thinning maps. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated in order to evaluate inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities. Results: ICCs for intra-rater reliability were excellent, ranging from 0.751-0.940 in brain regions except the right occipital, left anterior cingulate, and left and right cerebellum (ICCs = 0.65-0.741). Although ICCs for inter-rater reliability were fair to excellent in most regions, poor inter-rater correlations were observed for the cingulate and occipital regions. Processing time, including manual skull stripping, was $17.07{\pm}3.43min$. Z-score maps for all participants indicated that cortical thicknesses were not significantly different from those in the comparison databases of healthy adults. Conclusion: BSIM-based cortical thickness measurements provide acceptable intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. We therefore suggest BSIM-based cortical thickness analysis as an adjunct clinical tool to detect cortical atrophy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2013

Background A thinned anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is often harvested to achieve optimal skin resurfacing. Several techniques have been described to thin an ALT flap including an adipocutaneous flap, an adipofascial flap and delayed debulking. Methods By systematically reviewing all of the available literature in English and French, the present manuscript attempts to identify the common surgical indications, complications and donor site morbidity of the adipofascial variant of the ALT flap. The studies were identified by performing a systematic search on Medline, Ovid, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Current Contents, PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar. Results The study selection process was adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and 15 articles were identified using the study inclusion criteria. These articles were then reviewed for author name(s), year of publication, flap dimensions and thickness following defatting, perforator type, type of transfer, complications, thinning technique, number of cases with a particular area of application and donor site morbidity. Conclusions The adipofascial variant of the ALT flap provides tissue to fill large defects and improve pliability. Its strong and safe blood supply permits adequate immediate or delayed debulking without vascular complications. The presence of the deep fascia makes it possible to prevent sagging by suspending and fixing the flap for functional reconstructive purposes (e.g., the intraoral cavity). Donor site morbidity is minimal, and thigh deformities can be reduced through immediate direct closure or liposuction and direct closure. A safe blood supply was confirmed by the rate of secondary flap debulking.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.340-345
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• 2018

The Compared to general sentences, the Equation uses a complex structure and various characters and symbols, so that it is not possible to input all the character sets by simply inputting a keyboard. Therefore, the editor is implemented in a text editor such as Hangul or Word. In order to express the Equation properly, it is necessary to have the learner information which can be meaningful to interpret the syntax. Even if a character is input, it can be represented by another expression depending on the relationship between the size and the position. In other words, the form of the expression is expressed as a tree model considering the relationship between characters and symbols such as the position and size to be expressed. As a field of character recognition application, a technique of recognizing characters or symbols(code) has been widely known, but a method of inputting and interpreting a Equation requires a more complicated analysis process than a general text. In this paper, we have implemented a Equation recognizer that recognizes characters in expressions and quickly analyzes the position and size of expressions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.729-736
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• 2012

Korea Forest Service is recently focused on forest tending works for promoting in green jobs. The purpose of forest tending work is not only maintaining ecologically stable forest stand structure but also developing commercial forest. These trends are also emphasized by creation of various benefits and expanding carbon absorption in forest management. For achieving these purposes, Management efficiency of output was analized by the inputs such as labor cost, material cost and expense cost using DEA technique. The results show that, 19 sub-compartments are appeared to be the optimal in the efficiency of the forest tending works among total 52 sub-compartments. Among those there were 5 sub-compartment 8-0-3, 9-3-3, 6-0-3, 7-0-6, 1-0-5 and 3-0-3 to be considered in the high reference. The high reference areas mean those areas which is well accomplished in forest tending works as the desirable model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.71-74
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• 2005

In manufacturing automotive parts, such as engine cradles, frame rails, subframes, cross-members, and other parts from circular tubes, pre-bending and pre-forming operations are often required prior to the subsequent tubular hydroforming process. During some pre-forming operations, the cross section of a bent circular tube is crushed into an oval-like shape to ensure proper geometry and sufficient clearance in the hydroforming dies. For such applications, the use of oval Instead of circular tubes could be an effective means of eliminating the pre-forming step. The oval tube could also be produced with less thinning and with less strain on the outside of the bend when controlled by a booster system without the use of mandrel. Hence, the understanding of the issues that occur in the bending of oval tubes is worthy of Investigation. This paper presents parametric studies on the bending of oval tubes without a mandrel. The finite element modeling technique is used to examine the deformation characteristics for both circular and oval tubes. In the simulations, the bending process parameters of bend radius, aspect ratio of the tube ovalness, and tube wall thickness are varied. Observations are made to obtain a hoop-buckle limit diagram in terms of a non-dimensional shape degradation factor. Suggestions based upon developed criteria are made on the acceptability of bend tubes suitable for hydroforming applications without the need ofa pre-forming step or the used of a mandrel.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.697-705
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• 2014

This paper presents a vision based object width measurement method and its application where the light sectioning method is employed. The target object for measurement is a tread, which is the most outside component of an automobile tire. The entire system applying the measurement method consists of two processes, i.e. a calibration process and a detection process. The calibration process is to identify the relationships between a camera plane and a laser plane, and to estimate a camera lens distortion parameters. As the process requires a test pattern, namely a jig, which is elaborately manufactured. In the detection process, first of all, the region that a laser light illuminates is extracted by applying an adaptive thresholding technique where the distribution of the pixel brightness is considered to decide the optimal threshold. Then, a thinning algorithm is applied to the region so that the ends and the shoulders of a tread are detected. Finally, the tread width and the shoulder width are computed using the homography and the distortion coefficients obtained by the calibration process.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2019

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is a phenomenon in which a protective coating on a metal surface is dissolved by a flow of fluid in a metal pipe, leading to continuous wall-thinning. Recently, many countries have developed computer codes to manage FAC in power plants, and the FAC prediction model in these computer codes plays an important role in predictive performance. Herein, the FAC prediction model was developed by applying a machine learning method and the conventional nonlinear regression method. The random forest, a widely used machine learning technique in predictive modeling led to easy calculation of FAC tendency for five input variables: flow rate, temperature, pH, Cr content, and dissolved oxygen concentration. However, the model showed significant errors in some input conditions, and it was difficult to obtain proper regression results without using additional data points. In contrast, nonlinear regression analysis predicted robust estimation even with relatively insufficient data by assuming an empirical equation and the model showed better predictive power when the interaction between DO and pH was considered. The comparative analysis of this study is believed to provide important insights for developing a more sophisticated FAC prediction model.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2024

Manually mapping fractures in construction stone mines is challenging, time-consuming, and hazardous. In this method, there is no physical access to all points. In contrast, digital image processing offers a safe, cost-effective, and fast alternative, with the capability to map all joints. In this study, two methods of detecting the trace of discontinuities using image processing in construction stone mines are presented. To achieve this, we employ two modified Hough transform algorithms and the degree of neighborhood technique. Initially, we introduced a method for selecting the best edge detector and smoothing algorithms. Subsequently, the Canny detector and median smoother were identified as the most efficient tools. To trace discontinuities using the mentioned methods, common preprocessing steps were initially applied to the image. Following this, each of the two algorithms followed a distinct approach. The Hough transform algorithm was first applied to the image, and the traces were represented through line drawings. Subsequently, the Hough transform results were refined using fuzzy clustering and reduced clustering algorithms, along with a novel algorithm known as the farthest points' algorithm. Additionally, we developed another algorithm, the degree of neighborhood, tailored for detecting discontinuity traces in construction stones. After completing the common preprocessing steps, the thinning operation was performed on the target image, and the degree of neighborhood for lineament pixels was determined. Subsequently, short lines were removed, and the discontinuities were determined based on the degree of neighborhood. In the final step, we connected lines that were previously separated using the method to be described. The comparison of results demonstrates that image processing is a suitable tool for identifying rock mass discontinuity traces. Finally, a comparison of two images from different construction stone mines presented at the end of this study reveals that in images with fewer traces of discontinuities and a softer texture, both algorithms effectively detect the discontinuity traces.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2013

This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of GA₃ solution dipping treatment after 1 days full bloom on spike growth and fruit quality at harvest of 'Campbell Early' grapevine. The fruit cluster growth(weight, length, width) and fruit stalk(diameter, length) at harvest were increased significantly by GA₃ 10 mg·L^-1 solution dipping treatment compared to control and another concentration. The berry growth (berry No, weight, length, diameter) at harvest showed no difference by treatment GA₃ concentration different. Spike weight was increased by GA₃ 5, 10, 20, mg·L^-1 treatment compared to control, but no difference GA₃ 40 mg·L^-1 treatment. The degree of compact berry, bloom, skin color and SSC at harvest by GA₃ solution dipping treatment were not significantly different from those of control. but increased seedlessness induction by GA₃ 10 mg·L^-1 treatment. The occurrence percent of berry cracking by GA₃ 5, 10, 20, 40 mg·L^-1 treatment significantly decreased. The bitter rot of berry harvest showed no difference by treatment GA₃ concentration different. Total spike length was increased by GA₃ 5, 10 mg·L^-1 treatment compared to control and GA₃ 20, 40 mg·L^-1 treatment. The spike length of 1st from 15th to position increased by GA₃ 10 mg·L^-1 treatment.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2021

The purpose of this research is to analyze Soon Chul Jung's children's songs, who is one of the four great children's songwriters in Korea along with Geuk Young Yoon, Nan Pa Hong and Tae Jun Park. Soon Chul Jung has contributed by actively participate into children's movement at Japanese colonial period through writing self-composed children's songs. Since children's songs are made for the age group without the sense of sound, children's songs necessitate 'easy to sing-along' melody writing process. Like so, when writing the melody that are easy to be sang along, utilization of development technique using a unit called motive can be the potent way. This method has an advantage of being sang more with ease if actively implemented, and can be done by utilizing the smallest unit of the melody called motive, especially by lightly transform and repeat the unit, consequently structuring the song altogether. To investigate and analyze this motive-based development technique of Soon Chul Jung's songs, 38 out of 40 written songs considered eligible for the research were confirmed and chosen from 'Soon Chul Jung's bibliography and choreography' and each songs were analyzed based on 17 different development techniques which were standardized in the textbook 'Melody in Songwriting' adopted as a textbook of the Berklee college of Music, and also compared these song-writing pipelines with other great songwriters' representatives mentioned above. As a result, it was almost linear that the song's pitch variation in combination with thinning or extension were used frequently and repeatedly, otherwise implicating melody duplication for more than 2 bars and motive repetition were not in his favor, while these methods were often used when writing children's songs. This finding could be viewed as a character of his songwriting.