• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1523-1528
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• 2000

Four Suffolk ewes were used in Latin Square switch over design to study the effects of varying levels and sources of protein on heat production and thermoregulatory responses at daytime high ($33^{\circ}C$ temperature. They were fed Italian ryegrass hay supplemented with fishmeal and/or urea, providing three different levels of crude protein (CP) (low/unsupplemented: 7.9, medium: 11.6, and high: 15.8%) at $1.5{\times}maintenance$. Feeds were distributed at 0900 (30%) and 1700 (70%). Urea diet caused higher heat production and increased vaginal temperature compared to fishmeal and fishmeal-urea mix diets. Time spent standing, skin temperature and respiration rate of sheep fed urea were similar with those of sheep fed fishmeal. Sheep fed diet with low CP level had higher heat production, increased vaginal and skin temperature than sheep fed diet with medium CP content. Sheep on high CP diet produced significantly more heat than sheep fed medium CP diets. Their vaginal temperatures were similar with those of sheep fed medium CP diet but lower than those of sheep fed low CP diet. Respiration rates of sheep and time spent by them for standing on all diets did not differ significantly. These results suggest that urea is inferior protein supplement for thermoregulation of animal at hot environment, as it induced higher heat production than fishmeal and fishmeal-urea mix. Thermoregulatory response on fishmeal-urea mix diet was similar to fishmeal diet. Increasing CP of the diet from low to medium gives advantage for thermoregulation of animal. Increasing CP further to high level was not beneficial as it resulted in the responses of sheep similar to those on low protein diet.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.589-595
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• 2015

This study examines how exercise habits affect human thermoregulatory responses. A total of 14 healthy male college students participated in this study as subjects: 8 students who exercised regularly (REG) and 6 students who did not (IREG). First, there were no significant differences between REG and IREG in rectal and mean skin temperatures. Second, the general thermal sensation was "slightly warm" at the equilibrium state and "cool" during body cooling in both groups with no significant differences between the two groups. This implies that exercise habits did not affect the subjective thermal sensation under this study's environmental conditions. Third, there were no significant correlations between the preferred temperature and related variables such as rectal and mean skin temperature changes, oxygen uptake, and the general thermal sensation in REG. However, there were significant correlations between the preferred temperature and the mean skin temperature change (p<0.05) and oxygen uptake(p<0.01) in IREG. In sum, these results suggest weak effects of exercise habits on daily life at the individual level. Therefore, future research should verify this study's results under controlled conditions such as cooling intensity and durations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.652-656
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the relationships between abdominal temperature (Tabd) and some thermoregulatory responses, such as heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), temperature of external ear tract (Tee), comb surface temperature (Tcs) and shank skin temperature (Tss), for revealing the role of deep body temperature in the thermoregulation of broiler chickens. Tabd was divided into 5 zones of 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44 and $44-45^{\circ}C$, and maintained for 3 hours in each zone by varying environmental temperature from 11 to $33^{\circ}C$. HP and HR had a greater increase with Tabd above $42.5^{\circ}C$. RR increased markedly with Tabd above $41.5^{\circ}C$, and reached a maximum when Tabd was at $42.5^{\circ}C$, then began to decrease. In addition, HP and HR increased significantly with decrease RR during the decreasing phase of panting. Tcs and Tss changed rapidly with Tabd when Tabd was below $41.5^{\circ}C$, and increased more slowly above $41.5^{\circ}C$. Tee was lower than Tabd, and its increase was less than that of Tabd. These results suggest that changes in thermoregulatory responses are induced by an increase in abdominal temperature. Tabd increases to adjust the ratio of sensible and evaporative heat loss when Tabd is below $42.5^{\circ}C$, while the ability in body temperature regulation gradually disappears when abdominal temperature exceeds $42.5^{\circ}C$ and heat balance can not be maintained.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.633-639
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• 2010

This study was carried out to compare human thermoregulatory responses and preferred air temperature by feet immersion between summer and winter in terms of thermal comfort. Five healthy female university students participated in the study as subjects. They experienced feet immersion at $40^{\circ}C$ of water in the climatic chamber of $24^{\circ}C$, 50%RH from 19:30 to 21:00 in the summer and winter, respectively. Rectal temperature gradually decreased and maintained $0.08^{\circ}C$ lower in winter than summer, while mean skin temperature changed $0.4^{\circ}C$ greater in winter than summer(p=0.00). Air temperature selected by each subject for their thermal comfort revealed $0.8^{\circ}C$ higher in summer than winter(p=0.06). The results obtained suggest an increase in human thermoregulation and be used as preliminary data to maintain optimal indoor temperature in summer and winter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.977-987
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• 1997

The present study was designed to see what the local cooling of different body regions especially head and neck, hands and feet effect physiological responses in cold environment. Four male subjects wore garments covering whole body except face and rested for 20 min and then they rested for 40 min with uncovered head, neck, hands and feet, respectively in a cold environment(10$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5%R.H.) 1. Rectal temperature increased when hands and feet were exposed to cold environment respectively, and when head and neck, hands and feet were exposed to cold environment together. 2. Exposed skin temperatures fell in cold environment. And hands temperature was lower than any other exposed skin temperatures. The hands temperature was significantly lower when head was exposed than when head was covered. And the feet temperature were significantly lower when hands were exposed than when hands were covered. 3. Mean skin temperature was the lowest when head and neck, hands and feet were exposed simultaneously, In conclusion, skin temperatures of extremities were decreased due to exposure to the cold environment. Especially upper extremities were lower than lower extremities by exposed parts of the body. It seemed that the extremities played the role of cold receptors but head and neck didn't. And there were large heat losses from the unprotected head and neck. In cold environment of 1$0^{\circ}C$ , thus, it is suggested for the purpose of thermoregulatory responses that head and neck would be covered and extremities would be exposed, especially upper extremities.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.405-410
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• 2000

The effects of individual sweating rates on thermophysiological responses during the decrease phase of clothing surface temperature (Tcs) with cotton (C) and polyester (P) clothed subjects were examined. Seven women subjects were exposed in a climatic chamber at ambient temperature of $27.2^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of 50%, and their lower-legs were immersed in a water bath at a temperature of $35-41^{\circ}C$ for 70 min. During water immersion, Tcs in C-clothed subject rose immediately after the onset of sweating and then Tcs fell gradually. In C-clothed subjects, Tcs decreased directly (p<0.05) in proportion to total sweating rate (TSR), however no significant correlation was observed in P-clothed subjects. The relationship between TSR and changes in mean skin temperature, and skin blood flow showed negative correlation when wearing C-clothing (p<0.05), however, no significant correlation when wearing P-clothing. Individual TSR was correlated with threshold rectal temperature for sweating onset (p<0.05) with C- and P-clothed subjects. The results showed that individual TSR had significant effects on not only Tcs but also on thermoregulatory responses during the Tcs decrease phase.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.398-404
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• 2000

We examined the effect of individual sweating responses on thermoregulatory responses induced by heat of sorption, immediately after the onset of sweating. The present study consists of two experiments. In experiment 1, made of 100% cotton (C) and 100% polyester (P) clothing were exposed in the chamber at ambient temperature (Ta) of $27.2^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity (rh) raised from 50% to 95% at five different increase rates of environmental vapor pressure (VP). The increase rate of clothing surface temperature (Tcs), peak Tcs and peak time showed significant correlation with the increase rate of environmental VP in C-clothing (p<0.05). In experiment 2, seven female subjects were studied during leg water immersion ($35-41^{\circ}C$) for 70min in Ta of 27.2 and 50%rh. There were significant positive correlations in the increase rate of clothing microclimate VP vs. changes in Tcs, skin blood flow, mean skin temperature and mean body temperature (p<0.05). The present results showed that individual clothing microclimate VP had significant effects on thermoregulatory responses induced by heat of sorption wearing C ensembles.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.657-665
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• 2015

This study evaluated the thermoregulatory properties of functional thermal underwear ('heating underwear') in markets using a thermal manikin and human wear trials. One ordinary thermal underwear (ORD) and two functional thermal underwear (HEAT1 and HEAT2; manufactured goods, HEAT1: moisture absorbing heat release mechanism, HEAT2: heat storage, release mechanism) were chosen. Thermo-physiological and subjective responses were evaluated at an air temperature of $5.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and air humidity of $30{\pm}5%RH$ with five male subjects ($21.6{\pm}1.3yr$ in age, $178.0{\pm}5.9cm$ in height, $68.2{\pm}5.9kg$ in body mass). Experimental conditions consisted of four ensembles that included winter clothes (Control: no underwear, ORD, HEAT1, HEAT2). Water-vapor resistance was greater in fabric of HEAT1 than others. The results were: 1) Total thermal insulation (IT) using a thermal manikin were not greater for HEAT1 (0.860clo) and HEAT 2 (0.873clo) than for ORD (0.886clo). 2) There were no significant differences in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate and total body mass loss between the four conditions. Microclimate clothing temperature on the back was greater for ORD than for HEAT1 and HEAT2. Subjects felt more comfortable with HEAT1 than for others at rest. HEAT2 was higher in microclimate humidity when compared to other conditions. The results suggest that thermoregulatory properties of 'heating underwear' in market did not differ from those of ordinary thermal underwear in terms of total thermal insulation and thermoregulatory responses in a cold environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.149-158
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the human thermoregulatory responses and to obtain the basic information of the Korean thermophysiological characteristics under the traditional Korean floor heating system-Ondol. The participants consisted of 10 elderly women, 4 elderly men(over 65 years), 10 young women and 5 young men(in twenties). They were exposed to temperature-controlled Ondol room(20$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5%R.H., floor surface temperature: 30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$) for 60 minutes and wore the same experimental clothing. The postures were performed sitting and supine on the floor. In each pose, rectal temperature, skin.temperature of 10 areas, mean skin temperature, clothing microclimate, body fat were measured. The results were as follows; 1. The rectal temperature gradually decreased and mean skin temperature gradually increased in young and old groups in both supine and sitting pose on heated Ondol floor for 60 minutes. 2. Rectal temperature was different in each pose. The rectal temperature decreased 0.1$^{\circ}C$ in both groups under the condition of sitting and decreased 0.2'c in elderly group under the condition of supine. In supine pose, elderly group was more declined than young group. Mean skin temperature increased 0.5$^{\circ}C$ in both poses, both groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.625-629
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• 2000

Six yearling Suffolk ewes were used to study the effect of different roughage proportion diets (30%=LR, and 70%=HR) and intake levels (0.7 M and 1.3 M) on heat production and thermoregulatory responses in sheep exposed to different ambient temperatures (20 and $30^{\circ}C$). Sheep fed HR had higher heat production (HP) and time spent eating (TSE) and lower time spent standing (TSS) than those fed LR. But effect of roughage proportion on vaginal temperature (Tv) was obvious only at high intake and at $30^{\circ}C$. Sheep fed high intake had higher Tv, HP, TSS, and TSE than those fed low intake. Roughage proportion and intake level did not have an effect on respiration rate (RR), but ambient temperature did. Ambient temperature did not have an effect on HP, TSS and TSE. At $30^{\circ}C$ sheep had higher Tv and RR than those at $20^{\circ}C$. There were interactions between intake level and ambient temperature in TSS, between intake level and roughage proportion in TSE, and between roughage proportion and ambient temperature in HP. Results indicate that high roughage diet imposes a greater potential heat load on animals than low roughage diet when given at high ambient temperature, but not at low ambient temperature. And the effects is more pronounced at high intake.