• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-142
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of space- and object-based attention on spatial and visual working memory, by measuring recognition of working memory on the spatial Stroop task including two modalities of attention resource. The similarity condition of stimulus arrangement between working memory task and spatial stroop task was manipulated in order to examine the effects of space-based attention on spatial rehearsal during working memory task, while Stroop rendition was manipulated in order to examine the effects of object-based attention on object rehearsal during working memory task. The results showed that in a condition that stimulus arrangement was highly similar for the spatial working memory task and the spatial Stroop task, recognition accuracy of the spatial working memory was high, but it was not significantly different with the Stroop conditions. In contrast, the recognition accuracy of visual working memory in the incongruent Stroop condition was lower than that in the congruent Stroop condition, but it was not significantly different with the similarity conditions (25% vs. 75%). The results indicated that selective attention has effects on working memory only when resource modality of working memory is the same as that of selective attention.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 1999

It is widely known that the hippocampus plays an important role in spatial memory. Recent studies have suggested that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in spatial memory. However it is unclear whether the PPC is involved in w working memory or reference memory of spatial learning. The purpose of the present study was to determine contribution of the hippocampus and the PPC to spatial working memory and acquisition of reference memory. Using an eight-arm radial maze in which e each arm was baited. working memory was tested by measuring rat's ability to remember arms they had visited. Reference memory was tested by measuring rat's ability to avoid visiting four consistently unbaited arms. Effects of hippocampal or PPC lesion on working memory or acquisition of reference memory in radial-arm maze learning were investigated Working memory was impaired by hippocampal lesion whereas not affected by PPC lesion. Acquisition of reference memory was impaired by lesion in either site. The results suggest that the hippocampus plays an important role in the spatial working memory while both the hippocampus and the PPC contribute to the acquisition of spatial reference memory.

• Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether verbal and spatial working memory functions were impaired not only in patients with schizophrenia but also in people at ultra-high risk for first-episode psychosis. Methods : Twenty-five patients (M 13, F 12) with schizophrenia (SPR), 21 people at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR)(M 10, F 11) and 19 normal controls (NC)(M 10, F 9) were recruited. The working memory was assessed by using the verbal and spatial n-back test. The working memory load increased incrementally from the 0-back to the 3-back condition. Results : SPR performed significantly lower than NC and UHR in terms of hit rates of verbal and spatial n-back test. UHR subjects conducted significantly lower than NC and higher in trend-level than SPR in terms of hit rates of verbal and spatial n-back test. These differences were derived from the high working memory load (2-back and 3-back), not from the low working memory load (0-back and 1-back). There was no significant difference between the verbal and spatial n-back test across the three groups. Conclusion : These findings suggest that verbal and spatial working memory dysfunction may be general rather than differential in terms of stimuli modality, and this working memory deficit may be an important trait factor in schizophrenia.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was to examine the effectiveness of computerized cognitive ability enhancement program (CCAEP) using Smarttoy. The CCAEP using Smart-toy which can interact with children via bluetooth is a kids-friendly and convenient method for improving children's cognitive abilities by increasing their motivation for performing the program. We developed the CCAEP which designed to train auditory-verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, auditory-verbal working memory, and visual-spatial working memory. Methods: Eighteen children aged 8 to 10 participated in CCAEP individual training composed of 8 sessions of 40 minutes each for 4 weeks. The effect of the training was measured with Smart Toyweb's cognitive assessment tasks (smart device based assessment) as well as traditional neuropsychological tests before and after the training. Results: Children showed significant improvement in auditory-verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, auditory-verbal working memory and visual-spatial working memory abilities after the training. Conclusion: This study demonstrated promising results suggesting the effectiveness of CCAEP using Smart-Toy in clinical settings as well as school and home situations. Further controlled study with larger sample size including various clinical groups is needed to confirm the present results.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop auditory-verbal and visual-spatial memory tasks using smart devices for children aged 8 to 10 years and examine their validity. Methods: One-hundred and fourteen school-aged children were recruited through internet advertising. We developed memory tasks assessing auditory-verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, and working memory, and then examined their construct validity by examining the developmental trend of the children's mean scores with age. In order to examine the concurrent validity of the tasks, we conducted correlation analyses between the children's scores on the newly developed auditory-verbal, visual-spatial memory and working memory tasks and their scores on well-known standardized tests of memory and working memory, including the auditory-verbal memory subtests of the Korean Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children, Korean Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, digit span and arithmetic subtest of Korean Educational Development Institute Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised, and Corsi block test. Results: The memory and working memory scores measured by the newly developed tasks tended to increase with age. Further, there were significant correlations between the scores of the four cognitive tasks and the corresponding scores of the standardized assessment tools. Conclusion: This study revealed promising evidence for the validity of the memory tasks using smart devices, suggesting their utility for school-aged children in research and clinical settings.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of verbal working memory and the spatial working memory on children's text comprehension. The reading span and the operation span of the reading deficient children were smaller than that of the reading normal children, but the two groups did not differ in the visual span. Reading deficient children got lower score in the comprehension tests than reading normal children, and the difference was larger for the expository text than the narrative text. The involvement of visual working memory in reading narrative texts were more directly tested in Experiment 2 by asking the children do a secondary memory task before they answered the comprehension test. Reading normal children suffered more under auditory secondary memory condition for both narrative and expository texts, whereas reading deficient children suffered under visual secondary memory condition for narrative texts as well. The results of the two experiments suggested that the spatial working memory can be involved in text comprehension process, especially with reading deficient children.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.632-638
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• 2005

This paper describes a new data-handing, based on a Spatial Human Interface as human indicator, to the Spatial-Knowledge-Tags (SKT) in the spatial memory the Spatial Human Interface (SHI) is a new system that enables us to facilitate human activity in a working environment. The SHI stores human activity data as knowledge and activity history of human into the Spatial Memory in a working environment as three-dimensional space where one acts, and loads them with the Spatial-Knowledge-Tags(SKT) by supporting the enhancement of human activity. To realize this, the purpose of SHI is to construct new relationship among human and distributed networks computers and sensors that is based on intuitive and simultaneous interactions. In this paper, the specified functions of SKT and the realization method of SKT are explained. The utility of SKT is demonstrated in designing a robot motion control.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.583-592
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• 2023

Background: Alcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive drugs. Due to its addictive characteristics, many people struggle with the side effects of alcohol. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used to treat various health problems. However, the effects and mechanisms of KRG in alcohol-induced responses remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of KRG in alcohol-induced responses. Methods: We investigated two aspects: alcohol-induced addictive responses and spatial working memory impairments. To determine the effects of KRG in alcohol-induced addictive responses, we performed conditioned place preference tests and withdrawal symptom observations. To assess the effects of KRG in alcohol-induced spatial working memory impairment, Y-maze, Barnes maze, and novel object recognition tests were performed using mice after repeated alcohol and KRG exposure. To investigate the potential mechanism of KRG activity, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and western blot analysis were performed. Results: KRG-treated mice showed dose-dependent restoration of impaired spatial working memory following repeated alcohol exposure. Furthermore, withdrawal symptoms to alcohol were reduced in mice treated with KRG and alcohol. The PKA-CREB signaling pathway was activated after alcohol administration, which was reduced by KRG. However, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were increased by alcohol and decreased by KRG. Conclusion: Taken together, KRG may alleviate alcohol-induced spatial working memory impairments and addictive responses through anti-neuroinflammatory activity rather than through the PKA-CREB signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.359-386
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• 2010

In order to evaluate the domain-specific model and process-specific model of spatial and nonspatial working memory (WM), this study manipulated the memory load of the delayed response task and examined how the neural correlates of memory load effect was influenced by the stimulus domain (face and location) at the maintenance stage of WM using an event-related fMRI experiment. One or three face stimuli were presented as target stimuli and participants were asked to maintain the face itself (face WM) or the location of face stimuli (spatial WM). The results of recognition judgment accuracy showed no difference between face WM and spatial WM, and showed equivalent memory load effects of both WM. As a result of brian image analysis, memory load effect at maintenance stage showed that inferior, middle, and superior PFC were recruited by both face WM and spatial WM, and showed that VLPFC was the commonly activated area by both WM, supporting functional specialization of PFC by process components of WM. This study provides evidence for process-specific model in which maintenance of WM is associated with VLPFC.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.351-360
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to predict visual-spatial working memory performance through the characteristics of an electroencephalogram (EEG) in the resting state. The 31 study participants, middle school students with various to academic performance, were underwent visual-spatial working memory test in the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) on December in 2014. Each 7 and 6 participants were divided into an Excellent Working Memory (EWM) group and Poor Working Memory (PWM) group depending on the forward/backward working memory scores. The EEG measurements and analysis of the data from a Brain Function Tester were performed by the two groups. A Mann-Whitney Test was used to examine the statistical differences between them. The activation of high beta (${\beta}H$) at the Fp1 and Fp2 sites in the left and right hemisphere, and that of the low beta (${\beta}L$) in the right hemisphere in the EWM group was significantly higher than that in the PWM group. In conclusion, there is a correlation between the visual-spatial working memory performance and the activation of ${\beta}H$ and ${\beta}L$ in the resting state and a close correlation that of ${\beta}L$ in the right hemisphere in terms of mental activity and faculty. Therefore, the visual-spatial working memory performance can be predicted by the activation of ${\beta}H$ and ${\beta}L$ in the resting state. The activation of EEG can be applied as an assessment tool and provide basis data for visual-spatial working memory performance.