• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.3598-3614
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• 2020

With the increase of motor vehicles and tourism demand, some traffic problems gradually appear, such as traffic congestion, safety accidents and insufficient allocation of traffic resources. Facing these challenges, a model of Spatio-Temporal Dilated Convolutional Network (STDGCN) is proposed for assistance of extracting highly nonlinear and complex characteristics to accurately predict the future traffic flow. In particular, we model the traffic as undirected graphs, on which graph convolutions are built to extract spatial feature informations. Furthermore, a dilated convolution is deployed into graph convolution for capturing multi-scale contextual messages. The proposed STDGCN integrates the dilated convolution into the graph convolution, which realizes the extraction of the spatial and temporal characteristics of traffic flow data, as well as features of road occupancy. To observe the performance of the proposed model, we compare with it with four rivals. We also employ four indicators for evaluation. The experimental results show STDGCN's effectiveness. The prediction accuracy is improved by 17% in comparison with the traditional prediction methods on various real-world traffic datasets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.11-18
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• 2009

This study examines the issue of space management of university facilities by an assessment model as part of efforts to deal with the crisis of universities. To this end, the study addressed efficiency issue and structural problems using assessment model factors, with the aim of figuring out legitimacy and allocating methods for this purpose. Selected model factors included utilization ratio, residual ratio, vacancy ratio, and occupancy ratio, while for the latter, we investigated into the present situations of space use, focusing on construction, design, and living dimensions. As a result, the study suggested that in the future universities will resort to extension and rebuilding or new building for their facilities. To ensure space efficiency without conflict, we should follow legitimacy of space allocation and composition, building quality university facilities, creating quality environment, preventing tuition from rising or Improving welfare to keep pace with the new era.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

This study aimed to systematically adjust rural area development projects that have been carried out by a variety of government departments for activation of rural areas and overcome inefficient problems caused by the policies and projects promoted separately. As its alternative, this study aimed to explore efficient improvement scheme of rural villages associated with various projects. Major agriculture/rural policies and projects that have been promoted were classified by the target space of the policies and projects as Environment space, living space, and production space. Each space was categorized into five sub-items without duplication. By assessment results of rural area improvement level and preference by Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method, maintenance of rural areas was classified into four types. And outer space structure was analyzed by using Space Syntax Method(SSM). Based on the analysis result above, facilities for improvement of rural villages were placed around representative facilities. Facility allocation was based on selection and concentration in terms of facility maintenance and on type attributes in terms of spatial aspects. And finally, alternatives schemes for setting up the basic direction of improvement of rural villages are local area characteristics and environmentally conscious business plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2011

In this study, space allocation with an assessment system for improving the function of the ecological use and function of each space was undertaken to suggest appropriate goals and directions. Ogeum Park, used as the study site, is a stronghold green zone located in the fan-shaped area of the Songpa-gu green zone on a 22ha area site. The assessment system for this study consisted of a total of 3 steps: Step 1 includes the division of the spatial block, Step 2 assesses the proper functioning of each spatial block, while Step 3 includes space allocation and presents improvements for function by space. This study performed a basin analysis with the consideration that Ogeum Park is a forest area and divided the site into a total of 8 areas according to how the sections of land are used. The function of wildlife habitat included an analysis of plant ecology(vegetation type, vegetation layer, potential vegetation), animal ecology(wild birds), and waterways. The function of leisure and use included an analysis of gradients, noise, paths, status of use, and status of facilities. The evaluation of the function of habitat sorted items into native vegetation, vegetation diversification, vegetation potential, animal diversification and potential of animal habitats. The results of grading the evaluation scores by space in the function of habitat showed that the Areas IV and VII, which were 90% of the maximum point, were Grade A, Areas II and V were Grade B at 70% and Area I and VI were Grade C at 50%. Areas III and VIII, which were not found to be beyond the standard of 50%, were excluded. The evaluation of the functions of leisure and use classified items into use potential, use preference, use concentration, use diversification and use convenience. The results of the graded evaluation scores by space in use function, showed areas V and VI as Grade A, or 90% of the maximum score. Grade B, 70% of the maximum score, was given to Areas I and VII. Grade C, 50% of the maximum score, included Areas II, IV and VIII. Area III, graded lower the standard of 50%, was excluded. The study evaluated areas according to a common standard, classified spaces by proper functions into ecological spaces, environmentally-friendly use spaces and use spaces according to the standard of spatial distribution on the basis of the above results through a synthesis of grades of habitat function, leisure function and use. This offers ideas for the improvement of wildlife habitat and environment-friendly use functions by space.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with the spatial distribution of the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the neighborhoods of Tehran, Iran using Bayesian spatial models. Methods: This ecological study was implemented in Tehran on the neighborhood level. Socioeconomic variables, risk factors, and health costs were extracted from the Equity Assessment Study conducted in Tehran. The data on CRC incidence were extracted from the Iranian population-based cancer registry. The $Besag-York-Molli{\acute{e}}$ (BYM) model was used to identify factors associated with the spatial distribution of CRC incidence. The software programs OpenBUGS version 3.2.3, ArcGIS 10.3, and GeoDa were used for the analysis. Results: The Moran index was statistically significant for all the variables studied (p<0.05). The BYM model showed that having a women head of household (median standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.53), living in a rental house (median SIR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.96), not consuming milk daily (median SIR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.94) and having greater household health expenditures (median SIR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.68) were associated with a statistically significant elevation in the SIR of CRC. The median (interquartile range) and mean (standard deviation) values of the SIR of CRC, with the inclusion of all the variables studied in the model, were 0.57 (1.01) and 1.05 (1.31), respectively. Conclusions: Inequality was found in the spatial distribution of CRC incidence in Tehran on the neighborhood level. Paying attention to this inequality and the factors associated with it may be useful for resource allocation and developing preventive strategies in at-risk areas.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

Purpose: The important things in space plan of a screening center are improving the spatial awareness by space systemization and minimizing the examination time for customers, and reducing the required time of screening work and maximizing the capacity for the screening center. Therefore, we tried to solve the problem of improving spatial awareness and reducing the examination time by using the pedestrian based discrete event simulation at the minimum cost. Methods: We have analyzed the drawbacks and the supplement points by comparing the floor plan at the time of opening and the current floor plan. Based on the analysis, we propose an improved plan which changes the location of the examination rooms and the number of services, and we also verify the improved plan based on simulation analyses. Results: 1) Through the analyses, we derived the drawbacks of the floor plan at the time of opening, and we realized that the current floor plan reflects the drawbacks. 2) The major reasons of the long examination time are the human traffic jam and the occurrence of queues due to unreasonable allocation of services. 3) Through the discrete event simulation analyses, it was possible to specify the place of the queues manually so as to use the given space fairly. 4) Using the discrete event simulation, it was possible to reduce the examination time and to improve the spatial awareness effectively at the minimum cost. Implications: Although the proposed simulation methodology in this paper is an analysis of the existing screening center, we expect that the proposed methodology will be used to develop a more efficient architectural design process by pre-applying the method to the course of designing a screening center and finding the suitability of the proposed method with the matched number of services.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

This paper is to examine the trends and structures of unemployment as well as its spatial patterns in Germany. Germany once achieved a well-developed employment system and full employment. Since 1970, however, unemployment has been one of the major issues in Germany. During the last three decades the unemployment rate has risen to unprecedented levels and stayed high. After the German unification, especially, labor market is characterized by the mass unemployment and the structural selective process of unemployment to be imposed on German workers. And regarding to the spatial patterns of massive unemployment, this study shows critical disparities between South and North Germany being overlapped with new disparities between East and West Germany. We can explain the regional differentiation of unemployment on the base of typical mismatch of labour market allocation. It is also shown that massive unemployment is related not only to policy shifts in labor market but also to structural transformation after the unification.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.93-113
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• 2020

According to information theory, non-orthogonal transmission can achieve the multiple-user channel capacity with an onion-peeling like successive interference cancellation (SIC) based detection followed by a capacity approaching channel code. However, in multiple antenna system, due to the unideal characteristic of the SIC detector, the residual interference propagated to the next detection stage will significantly degrade the detection performance of spatial data layers. To overcome this problem, we proposed a modified power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (P-NOMA) scheme joint designed with space-time coding for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) NOMA system. First, with proper power allocation for each user, inter-user signals can be separated from each other for NOMA detection. Second, a well-designed quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QO-STBC) was employed to facilitate the SIC-based MIMO detection of spatial data layers within each user. Last, we proposed an optimization algorithm to assign channel coding rates to balance the bit error rate (BER) performance of those spatial data layers for each user. Link-level performance simulation results demonstrate that the proposed time-space-power domain joint transmission scheme performs better than the traditional P-NOMA scheme. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is of low complexity and easy to implement.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.677-686
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• 2009

Stratification of population is widely used to improve the efficiency of the estimation in a sample survey. However, it causes several problems when there are some variables containing outliers. To overcome these problems, Park and Yun (2008) proposed a rather subjective method, which finds outliers before $\kappa$-means clustering for stratification. In this study, we propose the $\kappa$-spatial medians clustering method which is more robust than $\kappa$-means clustering method and also does not need the process of finding outliers in advance. We investigate the characteristics of the proposed method through a case study used in Park and Yun (2008) and confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

In this paper, we introduced linear spatial time series (space-time autoregressive and moving average model) and nonlinear spatial time series (space-time bilinear model). Also we estimated the parameters by Kalman Filter method and made comparative studies of power of forecast in the final model. We proposed several weight matrices such as equal proportion allocation, reciprocal proportion between distances, and proportion of population sizes. For applications, we collected Mumps data at Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2001 until August 2008. We compared three approaches of weight matrices using the Mumps data. Finally, we also decided the most effective model based on sum of square forecast error.