• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether children's temperament and maternal control strategies were related to the self-control behaviors of 3-year-old children. The sample was comprised of 50 young children, ranging from 37 to 50 months of age, and their mothers. Mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire on children's temperament. Situational observation was conducted for obtaining data on maternal control strategies and for children's self-control behaviors in a resistance to temptation situation. All the subjects' activities were videotaped for 20 minutes. Differences were found in maternal control strategies and children's self-control behaviors by gender of child and by age and education of mothers. Relationships were found between children's temperament and maternal control strategies. However, children's temperament had an indirect effect on their self-control behaviors through maternal control strategies. The findings indicated that the self-control development of children in this sample were in a transitional stage.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.23-47
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to study the relation between the change of driver's driving confidence level in the age categories and driving behavior. To survey the driving confidence level, we used the 'Driving Confidence Scale' questionnaire and surveyed the drive career, mileage, driving days, violation of traffic regulation (drunk driving, overspeed), traffic accident experience (assaulter, sufferer) together. The subjects of investigation were from 19-year-old to 80-year-old and 1,055 persons were participated in the research totally. To examinethe structure of driving confidence level, we executed the factor analysis. We compared the driving confidence level in the age categories (under 29-year-old, 30~39, 40~49, 50~64, over 65-year-old) and studied the relation between driving confidence level and driving behavior. Driving confidence level was composed of 4 factors such as 'insensibility to situation', 'unsafe driving', 'careless concentration' and 'self-efficacy of driving', and there was decreasing tendency for driving confidence level and overall driving behavior according to increasing age. Driving confidence level had the interrelation with age range, assaulting accident, suffered accident, driving period, drunk driving, overspeed, driving career and so on. We examined the difference of driving confidence level and driving behavior by dividing the participated drivers' groups into the traffic accident experienced group, drunk driving group and overspeed driving group, and there was a significant difference on driving confidence level and driving behavior between the group who had not experienced the violation of traffic regulation or traffic accident and another group who had experienced the violation of traffic regulation or traffic accident.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.50
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• pp.235-263
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• 2002

The present study is designed to explore restructuring direction of the old-age income maintenance system and development direction of the Seniority Pension Scheme(SPS) in Korea. While the SPS is trifling scheme with tiny benefit amount and small budget, the SPS has important role that function as only public income maintenance scheme for both the low income class and the excluded from public pension and public assistance at present stage because of immature National Pension. This study starts with the research question why serious mis-matching problem between needs and resources in old-age income maintenance system occur. Thus this study explores fundamental change direction of the old-age income maintenance system which is coincide with further situation change(demography, labour market, family structure). Also this study explores desirable SPS's development direction as taking into account relation with other public old-age income maintenance system. This paper suggests basic direction of old-age income maintenance system as follows: principle of universal and individual security; principle of sustainability; principle of equity. Under general principle, this paper also proposes largely two development scenario of the SPS. The one is to maintain present transitional and provisional scheme with trying scheme's substantiality. The other is to change into permanent old-age income maintenance scheme for the excluded public pension and public assistance. At this point it is the public pension's role that the SPS's development direction is determined. If the public pension keep one pension per one earner as present system, non-contribution pension as present SPS should maintain continuously. However, if the public pension reorganize into basic pension of one pension per one person and earning-related pension, the SPS should be managed temporarily until mature of public pension. Therefore whether the public pension play basic security role for all elderly or not will determine the SPS development direction.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2001

Dental caries causes the majority of tooth loss among Koreans. Korea is experiencing an increase in dental caries. And it shows a high prevalence of caries in preschool children, which contrasted with the much-improved situation in developed countries. So, it is important to control caries from preschool periods in Korea. Recently, inspections of the teeth of preschool children for evidence of dental disease became a legislative duty in Korea following Oral Health Act(2000). But, standardized oral health programs in preschool children is not yet proposed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an community based oral health program in preschool children. The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for the development of community based oral health program in preschool children of Sungnam city. Oral health status in primary dentition were surveyed in 862 2-6 year-old preschool children of Sungnam city by WHO criteria. From the data, df rate, percentage of preschool child ren with active caries, dft index, dt rate, percentage of preschool children with pit and fissure sealant of each age were calculated, and discussed. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The experience of dental caries in primary dentition showed a tendency to increase quickly between 2 and 3 year old children. So, the oral health program in preschool children should be developed to prevent dental caries and control their oral health under three years of age. 2. In 5 year-old children, the percentage with active caries was 60.8% and dft index was 5.06. The dt rate showed a tendency to decrease as proportion to age, but even though 6 year-old children, the dt rate was 47.7%. Therefore, the annual screening dental examination and oral health education programs at the institution for preschool children should be developed to detect and treat dental caries in primary dentition at early stage. 3. The percentage of preschool children with pit and fissure sealant at six years of age was 10.2%. So, pit and fissure sealant and professional fluoride application programs in Public Health Center should be developed to prevent dental caries. 4. Also, it is necessary to establish oral health goals in preschool children and develop water fluoridation program 10 improve and preserve oral health of preschool children in Seongnam city, effectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2013

Background: Neuroplasty using a Racz catheter or epiduroscope and percutaneous endoscopic laser discectomy are performed as treatment for chronic refractory low back and/or lower extremity pain, but they are limited in that they cannot completely remove the causing pathology. Lately, epiduroscopic laser neural decompression (ELND) has been receiving attention as an alternative treatment, but there are insufficient reports of results. Hence we aimed to investigate and report the data in our hospital. Methods: Seventy-seven patients were selected who had received ELND via the anterior and posterior epidural approach through the pain clinic in our hospital from March 2011 to July 2012. Their medical records including age, diagnosis, epiduroscopic findings and degree of symptom relief were investigated. The degree of symptom relief following the procedure was categorized into 5 stages of very good (5), good (4), no change (3), bad (2), and very bad (1) at 2 weeks and 1 month after the procedure. Results: The subjects were 30 males and 47 females. Mean age was 54.6 for males and 59.6 for females, so the overall mean age was 58.1 years old, with the youngest being 23 and the oldest 88 years old. In epiduroscopic images of all patients, more than one situation of herniated disc, fibrous tissue and adhesion, or inflammation was observed. Sixty-seven patients (87.0%) showed symptom relief 2 weeks after the procedure and 63 patients (81.8%) showed relief after 1 month. Conclusions: ELND is considered to be an effective treatment alternative for chronic refractory low back and/or lower extremity pain, including lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis, and failed back surgery syndrome which cannot be alleviated with existing non-invasive conservative treatment.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.105-116
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situation for oriental examination and treatment of ADHD by questionnaire. Methods : We surveied oriental clinics which publicized on internet that they run a clinic of ADHD and oriental university hospitals which had a department of Pediatrics or Neurophycholosy. Results : The number of responding that the period of actively attending upon treatment of ADHD children was less than 3 years was 9(60%). The number of responding that in these 3 months, the number of ADHD children visiting clinics were under ten was 8(53.3%). The number of responding that the average age of ADHD children visiting clinics were 7 to 10 years old were 10(66.7%). The number of responding that they assessed diagnosis of ADHD children were 7(46.7%). The number of responding that they assessed oriental medical examination to ADHD children were 9(60%). The number of responding that the most effective treatment to ADHD children was Herbal Medicine was 10(66.7%). The number of responding that the interval of treatment of ADHD was 1 to 3 months was 9(60%). Conclusions : Recently oriental medical treatments for ADHD has been attempted. Treatment methods were herbal medicine, acupuncture, parents education, etc. But further studies are needed.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.684-690
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• 2017

Objective : As increasing the size of the geriatric population, the number of elderly patients, who need the surgery for painful degenerative spinal stenosis has been increasing. The geriatric population may be relatively high complications, because of age and age-associated medical conditions. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the perioperative complications and outcomes in elderly patients with posterior lumbar inter body fusion with screw augmentation (PLIF). Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and radiographic studies of geriatric patients who had spine surgery of PLIF due to spinal stenosis for 11 years. We divided into 2 groups (A; 70-75 years, B; over then 76 years) according to the age. Surgical level of each groups, hospital day and postoperative day, co-morbidities, complications, clinical outcomes were analyzed. Operative reports, hospital and outpatient clinic charts, and radiographic studies were reviewed. Results : Group A was composed of 80 patients, their mean age was 72.21 and female dominant (n=46), and their mean surgically fused level was 1.52 level. Group B was 36 patients, their mean age was 78.83 and female dominant (n=20), and their mean surgically fused level was 1.36 level. Comparing between two groups, complications, postoperative hospital stay were slightly increase in group B and co-morbidity was statistically high in group B, however clinical outcomes were similar between two groups. Conclusion : Increasing age might be an important risk factor for complications in patients undergoing PLIF, however, we would like to recommend that if the situation of spine of extreme geriatric patients need PLIF, it should be in the surgeon's consideration after careful selection and clinical judgement.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.109-122
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of the driving force of life experienced by the elderly and the realistic structure of their experience. Methods: The research question was "What is the essential meaning of the driving force experienced by the elderly?". Data were collected from individual in-depth interviews between March, 2017 and May, 2017 and analyzed using Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological methodology to identify the essential themes of their experience. Results: Through the analysis process, 22 themes and 14 essential themes were derived. The 14 essential themes of the driving force of the life of elderly were as follows: 'Memories from the past', 'Poverty to escape', 'Hand down family's heritage', 'A body bound by marriage', 'A body necessary for old age', 'A dignified body even if they grow older', 'A body that does not want to fall', 'A fruit of my life', 'Mature real love', 'Unchanging fraternity', 'Extended family', 'An old friend with whom share my heart', 'Satisfied with the situation', and 'Expanding the breadth of life'. Conclusion: Nursing programs that assess the driving force of life supporting the elderly and supports the driving force of such a life should be developed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1304-1308
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• 2009

To investigate the infection patterns of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Korean pig farms, a total of 4,768 swine sera samples from 159 pig farms were taken twice, in June (n=82) and October (n=77) in 2007. In each farm selected for the survey, 10 samples from breeding pigs and 4 from each of the 5 age groups (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days) were taken, and all serum samples were tested for PEDV by the serum neutralization test. The overall seroprevalence was 62.6% (2,983/4,768), with the highest prevalence in breeding pigs (93.5%, 1,485/1,589). The prevalence showed an increasing trend with increasing age (30.8, 27.2, 44.7, 61.6, and 71.2% respectively in the 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days age groups) (p<0.0001 for $x^2$ trend test). The association between age and PEDV prevalence was similar in both surveys, indicating that the infection of PEDV seemed to be occurring repeatedly in the farms surveyed. This inference could also be explained by the fact that prevalence in sows was very high despite low vaccination coverage, as they are continuously exposed to PEDV in potentially infected farms for a longer period. Based on the neutralizing antibody levels in sows and growing pigs, the majority of farms (91.8%, n=146 farms) were endemically infected with PEDV, and most of pigs seemed to be intensively infected with PEDV at around early growth (41.8%) and weaning (31.5%). On the other hand, serum neutralizing antibodies were not detected in pigs older than 30 days of age in farms classified as having no PEDV infection (n=13 farms), indicating the level of maternal antibody against PEDV is decreased on a non-detectable level before the piglet is 60 days old in the field situation. The results indicated that most farms surveyed in 2007 were affected with endemic PEDV infection. Therefore, a national monitoring and control program for the endemic type PEDV infection needs further attention.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.589-599
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation amongst health status, health care costs. health service utilization among the low income elderly who were 60 years of age or older, earning a half of the average Korean family income. The cross-sectional descriptive survey research we conducted used families randomly sampled nationwide. The data were collected from July 12 to August 7, 1999 and the total sample was 1.259 household members (421 households). These were the major findings. 1. As for the health status. 72.4% of respondents fell ill in the last 1 month; 54% of respondents had chronic disease. 2. As for the health care cost. the cost of hospitalization and the medical treatment were 1.069,000 won and 226.000won. respectively. 59.3% of respondents experienced a burden from the monthly health care expenses. 3. As for the health service utilization for the last 3months. 28.5% of respondents didn't utilize the health service. In addition, 22.2% of respondents gave up a medical treatment because of economic situation (88.8%). 4. The statistically significant determinants of health service utilization are old age, female, living with a spouse, unemployed state, medicare, and more days sick. 5. It is shown conclusively that equity and efficacy of the health care policy are to be considered for lower income older adult.