• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.483-503
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to clarify the origin which have misused terms, analyze Its meanings and suggest the unified terms. The content of this study are as follows. The origin of the terms in western dress is different with the areas of cultural influence. Japanese occupied much more than other languages in the apparel industry after the civilization. and English has dominated in the educational filed since 1945 the Liberalization. French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch are added. These languages came to the clothing field via Japanese and English or directly from the countries. 망토(manteau프), 메리야스(medias스), 러닝셔츠(일) 라사(raxa네), 오트 쿠튀르(Haute Couture 프), 비로드(veludo 포), etc. However the words of foreign origin have misused or corrupted until now a days. 마이 (재킷, 상의), 노 슬립, 소데나시 (슬리브리스, 민소매) 넌라쟈(브래지어), 노타이, 노타이샤쓰(오픈칼라 셔츠, 넥타이를 매지 않은 셔츠) 와이샤쓰(드레스 ttu츠), etc. And also these terms are confused in using because of the word's diversity, the different nationality, change of the marking rules, and the difference between the education and production field terms. On the others hand, this study explained the differences between western costume and Korean costume as the clothing manufacture terms were translated to Korean. bodice-길, collar, neckline-깃, belt, sash-(허리)띠 And then the untied terms were suggested through the comparison production field and educational area (including schools and institutes). lapel, 라펠(학교용어) (학원용어), 가에리 (일) (의류산업 현장용어), 아랫깃(통일어) By the way, this study involved the origin of and misused teams in sewing and presented the unified terms. 미까시 (X)-미 카에시(일) - 안단($\bigcirc$), 이새(X)―홈줄임 ($\bigcirc$) As the above , the characteristics of clothing terms which have misused are Japans,;e, corrupt Japanese, false reports foreign words via Korean, Japanese, compound words of Korean and Japanese, compound words of English and Japanese. And also the words of foreign origin in clothing had the following tendency in the marking system. There are ellipsis of form, sex, timber, grammatical case '-ing', '-ed' in adjective and long vowels express to short vowels. We can see this phenomena as the rule of curtailment labor.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 1998

How did nature create the first set of genes at the beginning of life on Earth? One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the fundamental rules governing how genes and, therefore, proteins were created. Through experiments carried out in the emerging field of "in vitro" or "benchtop" evolution studies, we are gaining new insights into the origins of genes and proteins as well as the origins of their functions (e.g., catalysis). In this review, I present an overview of recent experimental approaches to the question of the origin and evolution of genes. In addition, I will introduce a novel in vitro protein emergence system that was recently developed in my laboratory.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.21
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• pp.99-127
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• 2003

Legal sources of fraud rule in documentary letter of credit, which have their origin in Sztejn Case can be traced to various rules or laws of international or domestic level ; URCG, URDG and ISP98 as ICC Rules, and UNCITRAL Convention as an international uniform law, and UCC as a domestic law and U.K. cases. Among them the combination of "material fraud" in UCC ${\S}5-109$ and the detailed list of the types of misconduct in UNCITRAL Convention may provide the best solution or standard in real application of the fraud rule in letter of credit transaction.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.379-402
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• 2010

The Korea Foreign Trade Act(KFTA) was revised the penal provisions of the breach of the Country of Origin Labeling(COOL) recently. The ceiling of penalties became to 5 years for imprisonment, one hundred or three hundred million won for fine. The level of penalties are adjudged quite fair but the amount of penalty should be increased according to the profits from the breach or the nature of crime in some cases. The problems of the penalties are differences between KFTA and other related laws. There are related several laws on the breach of the COOL such as KFTA, Unfair Trade related Law, Customs Law, Consumer Protection Law, Law of COOL on Agricultural and Marine products etc. The penal provisions of the breach of the COOL has more heavier level than other the breach because of the criminal qualities. The problems are the penalty differences between the KFTA and the Unfair Trade Law under the Ministry of Knowledge Economy. The KFTA's penal provisions need to equate with Unfair Trade Law as long as same breaches on the COOL. The government can also consider some policies to rigid enforcement of breaches on the COOL. There are the Country of Origin Tracking system, the RoO Paparazzi System, Make public the names of habitual RoO Violators, Correction Order of breach of the COOL etc.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.207-225
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• 2020

Korea has studied FTA over 20 years since FTA with Chile. More than 3,000 Articles have been published in journal so far. Thus, this study aims to present the direction that should be taken by Korean FTA study by using Meta-Analysis for FTA study which has been carried on so far. Many researchers publish several articles each year, showing high quotation index and H-index. However, Korean FTA study lacks network with overseas researchers and fusion study with other sciences. 65.4% of Korean FTA study is carried on Independent research and 91.1% of them, in joint research by fewer than 2 persons. Further, the Subject of FTA study is not diverse and too uniform. Out of total studies, 24.3% of them are related to rules of origin and 15.3% of them, to China, showing that theme of study is quite partially concentrated. This is large difference with overseas FTA study. Study on rules of origin is only 1.5% in overseas. Korean FTA study needs to diversify subjects of study and to balance between academic aspect & practical aspect. When it comes to study methodology empirical analysis assumed large portion in both Korea and overseas countries. Empirical analysis assumes 18.3% in Korea and 47.3% in overseas, both of which are quite high. However, qualitative study such as FGI/AHP, in-depth interview, case analysis is quite rare in Korean FTA study. Partial concentration of countries for study subject needs to be rectified also. In Korea, countries for FTA study is China 15.3%, EU 10.0%, USA 6.3%. In overseas, China assumes only 3.7% of study subject. It is required for Korean FTA study to extend study subjects & study area by forming global study network and to extend qualitative study with microscopic study.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.295-297
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• 2004

Observations with EUVE, ROSAT, and BeepoSAX have shown that some clusters of galaxies produce intense EUV emission. These findings have produced considerable interest; over 100 papers have been published on this topic in the refereed literature. A notable suggestion as to the source of this radiation is that it is a 'warm' (106 K) intracluster medium which, if present, would constitute the major baryonic component of the universe. A more recent variation of this theme is that this material is 'warm-hot' intergalactic material condensing onto clusters. Alternatively, inverse Compton scattering of low energy cosmic rays against cosmic microwave background photons has been proposed as the source of this emission. Various origins of these particles have been posited, including an old (${\~}$Giga year) population of cluster cosmic rays; particles associated with relativistic jets in the cluster; and cascading particles produced by shocks from sub-cluster merging. The observational situation has been quite uncertain with many reports of detections which have been subsequently contradicted by analyses carried out by other groups. Evidence supporting a thermal and a non-thermal origin has been reported. The existing EUV, FUV, and optical data will be briefly reviewed and clarified. Direct observational evidence from a number of different satellites now rules out a thermal origin for this radiation. A new examination of subtle details of the EUV data suggests a new source mechanism: inverse Compton scattered emission from secondary electrons in the cluster. This suggestion will be discussed in the context of the data.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2016

There is an expanding global network of free trade agreements (FTA). High-quality, comprehensive free trade agreements play an important role to support global trade liberalization and are explicitly allowed under the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. An FTA is an international treaty that removes barriers to trade and facilitates stronger trade and commercial ties that contribute to increased economic integration between participating countries. Korea benefits from the global FTA trend; however it has started and developed FTA negotiations later than other countries. Current FTA agreements exist with Chile, Singapore, EFTA, ASIAN, India, EU, Peru, USA, Turkey, Australia, and Canada; in addition, there are ongoing negotiations with China, Colombia, New Zealand, and Vietnam. FTA open up opportunities for the textile/clothing industry to expand businesses into key overseas markets. FTA improve market access across all areas of trade to help maintain and stimulate the competitiveness of textile/clothing firms. This study examines the expansion of free trade agreements in light of changes in the international trade environment and the status of the Korean textile/clothing industry. Korea's textile/clothing export/import products and concession of tariff, country of origin covered under Korea-US/China FTA are investigated to identify problems. This study provides practical and policy implications for the textile/clothing industry in regards to the Korea-US/China FTA.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.261-294
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• 1993

Most of expert systems,as a rule-based system,should be convenient to modify a rule and to insert a new rule, which is called modularity of rules. When we think correlated evidences in expert systems. conventional systems are too local to recognize the common origin of the information, and they would update the belief of the hypothesis as if it were supposed by independence soureces. In this paper to overcome such drawbacks we propose Fuzzy Belief Network which is based on the Beysian Network which provide the modulartiy between rules. To build Fuzzy Belief Network, we define nodes and links and propose algorithms for data fusion in individual node and for propagation belief value obtained as a result of data fusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.933-945
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to examine the current foreign languages of clothing terms which have been misused, clarify the meanings and suggest the unified teams. The results are as follows. First, English and Japanese are great parts of the origins of the clothing terms in foreign languges which have been misused. And next, there were French, German, Portuguese and Spanish via English and Japanese. Especially, the misused foreign languages in styles, materials of clothing are also via English and Japanese. The compound words in Japanese are many parts of them and misused Japanese, Japanese via English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Poltuguese, and some terms can not be found their origin. (ex: 색채, 컬러, 카라) In case of the colors of clothing, the terms have the English marking rules and the Japanese pronounciation. And some unified terms are Korean, English, and Chinese letters. (ex: 빨강, 레드, 적색) There are lots of the misused foreign lagusges in sewing terms. On each case, the corresponding words in English and Japanese were suggested to understand easily. The most of the unified words were suggested in Korean. (ex: 하찌사시 $\rightarrow$ 하자시; padding stitch, 팔자뜨기) In clothing construction, there were lots of the misused terms in Japanese and the corrupted terms of Japanese. And so the explains and the unified terms were suggested. (ex: 구세토리, 몸새맞춤, 나찌, 가위집 (내기)) Finally, the origins of terms in western history of costume were clarified and analyzed the meanings : $\circled1$robe, $\circled2$ jacket, gipon, pourpoint, doublet, justaucorps, habit, flock(coat), cutaway, swallow tail coat, 배광, lounge suit, $\circled3$ coat Robe is the gown style garment which was used by men and women from the Middle ages, the jacket is a short, coat-like garment and coat is a long outer garment. Each origin is different, however the 'jacket' and the 'coat' were used confusely in the middle of 19th century.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.161-182
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• 1999

The purpose of this paper is to examine the applicability of the UNIDROIT Principle in international commercial arbitration. For this purpose, I have studies the basic two characters of this Principles: One is of general rule(principle); Another is of international and commercial character. According to CISG, questions concerning matters governed by the CISG which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles, so this Principles will cover many questions which are not expressly settled in the applicable law, by gap-filing, analogy or usage. In the preamble of this Principles, there are five cases in which the Principles shall be applied or may be applied. If the disputes are submitted to the any national court, the application of this Principles would be restricted because of the mandatory rules of national, international or supranational origin. But the disputes are submitted to arbitration, the arbitrator would have more discretional powers to apply the Principles than the judge. The reason is that in the arbitration, the arbitrators do not bear obligation to act in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of rules of private international law. I also examined the applicability of the Principles in cases which there are no mentions in preamble: When the international arbitrators choose the Principles; When the arbitrators decide ex aequo et bono; When the both parties have not chosen the governing law; When there are gaps in domestic law chosen by the parties; When the applicable domestic law is insufficient. In all these cases, the Principles may be applied more easily and conveniently in arbitration than in litigation. Thus to envisage the application of this Principle in international arbitration, first both parties in international commercial contracts should incorporate this Principle as a governing law in their contracts, and second, the arbitrators should try to apply this Principles in their arbitrations by choice, analogy, general principles or usage.