• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.119-138
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• 2023

Purpose - This research is to empirically explore the differences in apparel consumption among male and female teenagers and college students in Korea and China. By conducting a survey to understand customers' needs and behaviors, fashion businesses will be able to improve their customer satisfaction and avoid redundancy, inventory, and the waste of resources, effort and money. Design/methodology - The research design considers the consumption patterns of male and female high school and college students in Korea and China. To analyze the data, the study employs decision trees, a type of machine learning algorithm. A decision tree model was developed to examine the relationship between the explanatory and response variables, which can be either quantitative or qualitative in nature. Findings - The main findings of this study indicate that there are differences in shopping behavior among different customer segments. The results show that men have a simpler shopping behavior compared to women. Additionally, cultural factors and the difference in fashion needs between students and non-students have a significant impact on the shopping choices of Chinese and Korean individuals. Originality/value - Existing studies often assume that the shopping behavior of high school and university students is similar and that there are no significant differences in clothing purchases between men and women across countries. The results provide valuable insights into the unique shopping behavior of different customer segments, and can inform fashion businesses in their efforts to meet the needs of their customers.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1062-1070
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• 2008

The human body and nature respond to each other. The change of nature influences to directly human body. One of the change is the weather change. and there is order in the change. The order is twelve months. To explain the weather change of the cold, hot. dry and wet. we can use Four seasons, The twenty-four seasons, or The twelve month. To explain the five elements of the chinese cosmogony, The four season is useful, and the change of weather, the twenty-four seasons is good. But, the viscera is explained by the ten celestial stems and the twelve horary sings. Thus the twelve horary sings is most useful to explain, because one year is composed by twelve months. The twelve season and fancy of the ten celestial stems is explained fully by Diao-hou-yong-shen. Diao-hou-yong-shen is expressed by the zodiac signs, and explained by the disposition of the zodiac sings. In addition to the oriental medical science is also explained and expressed by the zodiac signs. Therefore, I think that the change of viscera, according to weather, is based on the Diao-hou-yong-shen, and I get some results. In the acting of viscera, there are some relationship between organs. The relationship is not influenced directly by the weather of four seasons, unless there are some special details. If the energy of the month, which rules one specific organ, is weak, doctor should fill up the organ. If not, the organ tends to get sick. According to the full or weak of the five elements which is under the month, the useless or harmful elements should be taken off, and useful and needful elements should be serviced. The balance between cold, hot, dry and wet should be maintained. However, the fancy of the viscera is very different. So, doctor should be careful to maintain balance. The full and weak between Yin and Yang should be considered when doctor think about cold and hot in the month.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.75-82
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• 2019

After 1840 the first opium war, that changed the social nature and living habitats in China. The purpose of this study is to observe the influence of the war on the plan layout of traditional Chinese residential houses in Beijing Siheyuan. To find out the changes that were made after 1840, and reservation of the past, the space syntax model is used to analyze different social contexts and also compare the ancient and modern residential buildings. The result of the study indicate the following: Before the war, the ancient Siheyuan people's way of life strictly abide by the hierarchy system; External emphasis shows the host's status. However, in modern times, the social status became equal, efficient and harmonious relationship internally, while externally, it arranged the orientation and position of buildings to adapt to the natural environment. However, the boundaries between family members and visitors the emphasis on the courtyard and respect for private life remain unchanged.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2004

It is different from the DongEuiBoGam(東醫寶鑑) of Korea traditional medicine that China BeunJungLonChi(中醫辨證論治) was made for the scientific and systematic assortment of China medicine. Symptom(症)is more important than symptom complex(證)in china BeunJungLonChi at DonEuBoGam. And unusual symptoms generally are diseases in DongEuiBoGam. DongEuiBoGam is emphasis on body form, temper, body color, pulse(形氣色脈) and the functional difference of organs by body form and body color. there are many problems in order to unify the theory of Korea traditional medicine by china BeunJungLonChi. I suggest that a new assortment that can combine Sasang constitutional medicine(四象醫學), Constitution-Acupuncture(體質針), and Hyungsang medicine(四象醫學) will be necessary. BeunJungLonChi : diagnosis and treatment based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs, the cause, nature and location of the illness and the patient's physical condition according to the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

The film enters the color film from black and white, and the screen image changes qualitatively. The color in the film not only has the reproduction function of the restoration object like the objective appearance, but also has the function of conveying different subjective emotions. It can express the color and can't express it. The artistic effect conveys the information content that the story itself can't convey, so the color of the film becomes an important part of the film language. The color in the film is presented on the screen in the form of single-screen color, scene color, full-color color tone, and various color chains designed according to different contradictions and conflicts. Because the film art and art means are assembled by montage, he colors in the picture also form a montage form. People call it "color montage". People's subjective nature of color criticism and acceptance of color language also depend on various local tones. The accurate expression of the relationship, the unique attribute of color determines that the color must enter the structural state in order to express its unique charm. The color of the film only has the real aesthetic value when it enters the level of "color structure". This paper studies the color of Chinese and Western films from the differences between the color thinking of Chinese and Western film directors and the cultural implication of Chinese and Western film colors. The western film director emphasizes the structure of color and pays attention to the use of tonal montage to convey the characters. Emotions reflect the characteristics of a subjective color. Beginning with the "fifth-generation" director of Chinese film, the new journey of film color language has been opened. In the process of blending love and scenery, the film style of "image-in-one" has been achieved.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.590-603
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• 2009

This report studies what connections was between Ethnic education movement in Bukkando and natural and human knowledge environment as a way to complement total absence of studying Anti-Japanese Movement at the Geographic levels. The summary is as following: At first, the Korean villages, where almost all spread the national schools, so there was a very close relationship. Both from a Longjing as the central plain area to the proliferation of surrounding areas. Second, schools that was adjacent to trunk road were given a great deal of weight on the connection with traffic. After that, however, it decreased gradually. Third, the national schools suffered the dual intervention from China and Japan, experienced a difficult development process. the schools which built by Japan were spreaded areas where concentrate the schools which built by Japan were spreaded areas where concentrated many national schools, both have a close relationship. before 3.13 movement, the distribution of schools that established by the Chinese mainly spreaded the areas concentrated national schools. But, after the 3.13 movement, it appeared a tendency to spread to the Korean people area where relatively dwelled a few people.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.151-167
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between globalization and income distribution in Korea. In order to identify the key determinants, the study investigates the effects of trade openness, inward and outward FDI flows, and per capita GDP on income distribution. The study uses methodology of unit root and co-integration technique as well as an error correction model over 1992 to 2011 by using annual data. The empirical findings showed that income inequality is reduced as trade openness and the per capita GDP increase. Meanwhile, income inequality is deteriorated as inward and outward FDI flows increased. In addition, the study revealed that the negative effect of inward FDI flows on income inequality is greater than that of outward FDI flows. This result supports the Feenstra and Hanson (1997) hypothesis. Overall the globalization process can be beneficial for the Korean economy, but its nature should be closely monitored regarding income distribution.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.209-237
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• 2012

1. Research Purpose Consumers rely on various clues to evaluate their decision to patronize a retail store, and store brand is one of them (Dodds 1991; Grewal et al. 1998). As consumers find ever increasing variety of contact points connecting them to specific store, the value of experiential shopping as a means of increasing store's brand equity warrants greater attention from scholars of retail management. Retail shopping values are credited for creating not only cognitive experiences like brand knowledge but also emotional experiences such as shopping pleasure and pride (Schmitt 1999). This may be because today's consumers place emphasis on emotional values associated with shopping pleasure, lifestyle brought to life, brand relationship, and store atmosphere more than utilitarian values such as product quality and price. Many previous literature found this to be true (Ahn and Lee 2011; Mathwick et al. 2001). This brings forth important research issues and questions regarding the roles of shopping experiential values and brand equity with regard to consumer's retail patronage choice. However, despite this importance, research on this area remains quite inadequate (Hwang 2010). For this reason, this study aims to verify the relationships among experiential shopping values, retail store brand equity and tries to link that with customer loyalty by surveying large-scale discount store shoppers in Korea and China. 2. Research Contents In order to carry out the research objective, this study conducted comprehensive literature survey on previous literature by discussing major findings and implications with regard to shopping values and retail brand equity and store loyalty. For data collection, researcher employed survey-based research method where data were collected in two major cities of Korea (Seoul) and China (Bejing) and sampling frame was based on patrons of large discount stores in both countries. Specific research questions raised in this study are as follows; RQ1: How do Korean and Chinese consumers differently perceive of shopping values regarding shopping at large-sclae discount stores? RQ2: Are there differences in consumers' emotional consumption propensities? RQ3: Do Korean and Chinese consumers display different perceptions of brand equity towards large-scale discount stores? RQ4: Are there differences in relationships between shopping values and brand equity for Korean and Chinese consumers? For statistical analysis, SPSS17.0, AMOS17.0 and SmartPLS were employed. 3. Research Results The data collected through face-to-face survey conducted in Seoul and Bejing revealed appropriate data validity and reliability as a result of exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests, andh SEM model yielding satisfactory model fitness. The result of the study may be summarized by three main points. First, as a result of testing differences in consumption dispositions, Chinese consumers showed higher scores in aesthetic and symbolic dispositions, whereas Korean consumers scored higher in hedonic disposition. Second, testing on perceptions toward brand equity of large discount stores showed that Korean consumers exhibited more positive perceptions of brand awareness and brand image than Chinese counterparts. Third, the result of exploratory factor analysis on the experiential shopping values revealed different factors for each country. On Korean side, consumer interest value, aesthetic value, and hedonic value were prominent, whereas on Chinese side, hedonic value, aesthetic value, consumer interest value, and service excellence value were found salient. 4. Research Implications While many previous studies on inter-country differences in retailing area mainly focused on cultural dispositions or orientations to explain the differences, this study sets itself apart by specifically targeting individual consumer's shopping values from an experiential viewpoint. The study result provides important theoretical as well as practical implications for large-scale discount store, especially the impotance of fully exploring the linkage between shopping values and brand equity, which has significant influence on loyalty. Therefore, the specific implications deriving from the result shed some important insights upon the consumption values based on shopping experiences and brand equity. The differences found in store shoppers between the two countries may also provide useful insights for Korean and Chinese retailers who plan to expand their operations globally. Related strategic implications derived from this study is the importance of localizing retail strategy which is based on the differences found in experiential shopping values between the two country groups. Especially the finding that Chinese consumers value consumer interest and service excellence, whereas Koreans place importance on hedonic or aesthetic values indicates the need to differentiate the consumer's psychographical profiles when it comes to expanding retail operations globally. Particularly important will be to pursue price-orienated strategy in China in consideration of the high emphasis on consumer interests and service excellence, but to emphasize the symbolic aspects of brand equity in Korea by maximizing the brand equity associated with aesthetic values and hedonic orientations. 5. Recommendations This study focused on generic retail branded discount stores in both countries, thus making it difficult to tease out store-specific strategies based on specific retail brands. Future studies may benefit fro employing actual brand names in survey questionnaire to verify relationship between shopping values and brand-based store strategy. As with other studies of this nature, this study needs to strengthen the result's generalizability by selecting respondents from a wider spectrum of respondents.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.1
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• pp.109-144
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• 2003

Orientalness is a concept that expresses the collective identity of the Orient in relation to the West. The concept itself is mutable and defined by the relationship between the two regions at different points in time. Changes in the concept depend on a number of factors, such as cultural influence, the political balance of power between the two regions, and on the interpretative scheme that defines the relationship. In addition, the geographical notion of the concept evolves culturally, socially and politically. During this process, Oriental-ness becomes Oriental-ism at times. I will attempt to survey and measure the progression of Orientalness from its emergence in early 17th century to its subsequent transformation in modern Korea as reflected in art theory and art works. The recognition of the comparative characteristics of Oriental art began when the Orient was exposed to the art of the West in the late Ming dynasty during the early 17th century. The changes in the artistic climate in China affected the late Chosun. I will start with a brief introduction of this time and the birth of Orientalness. The concept gradually changed during the period of Enlightenment(開化期) towards the end of the 19th century, and during the colonial period( 1910-1945) it took on a new form. Establishment of the concept of "Orient"as a single, unifying concept spanning across cultures and national boundaries has been attributed to late Meiji period Japan, whose intention at that time is believed to have been to build a pan-Asia(亞細亞) empire with Japan at its commanding center. It has been stressed that the real motive behind the formation of one single cultural unit, where the shared common written language was Chinese and Confucianism and Taoism were the common metaphysical traditions, was to build one political unit. When the notion of a geographical unit of Asia was replaced by the concept of Asia as a cultural and political unit, a massive growth of interest and discourse were provoked around the concept of Orientalism. When Orientalism was being formulated, Korea automatically became member of "one Asia" when the country became colonized. For Koreans, the identity of the Orient had to be defined in cultural terms, as the political notion of a nation was non-existent at that time. The definition of identity was pursued at two levels, pan-Asian and local. If Orientalism was an elite discourse centered in pan-Asian philosophical and religious tradition, localized Orientalism was a popular discourse emphasizing locality as the byproduct of natural geographic condition. After the liberation in 1945 from colonial rule, a thrust of movement arose towards political nationalism. Two types of discourses on Orientalism, elite and popular, continued as central themes in art. Despite the effort to redefine the national identity by eradicating the cultural language of the colonial past, the past was enduring well into the present time. As discussed above, even when the painting themes were selected from Korean history, the tradition of using history painting as a manifestation of political policy to glorify the local identity had its founding during the Meiji period. The elevation of folk art to the level of high art also goes back to the colonial promotion of local color and local sentiment. Again, the succession of the past (colonial) ideal was defended as the tradition assumed a distinct modern shape that was abstract in style. The concept of the "Orient" is of relative and changing nature. It was formulated in relation to Western culture or civilization. Whatever the real motive of the adoption of them had been, the superiority of the Orient was emphasized at all times. The essence of the Orient was always perceived as the metaphysical tradition as a way to downgrade Western culture as materialistic. This view still prevails and the principle of Orient was always sought in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Even when Orientalism was employed by imperialist Japan in an effort to establish her position as the center of the Orient, the spiritual source was still in Chinese philosophy and religion. In art also, the Chinese literati tradition became the major platform for elite discourse. Orientalism was also defined locally, and the so-called local color was pursued in terms of theme and style. Thus trend continued despite the effort to eradicate the remnants of colonial culture long after liberation. These efforts are now being supported politically and also institutionalized to become the aesthetic ideal of the modern Korean art.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1719-1729
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• 2014

This study is carried out in order to bridge the gap to understand the relationships between South Asian and East Asian monsoon systems by comparing the summer (June-September) precipitation of Nepal and South Korea. Summer monsoon precipitation data from Nepal and South Korea during 30 years (1981-2010) are used in this research to investigate the association. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are also used to see the nature of large scale phenomena. Statistical applications are used to analyze these data. The analyzed results show that summer monsoon precipitation is higher over Nepal ($1513.98{\pm}159.29mm\;y^{-1}$) than that of South Korea ($907.80{\pm}204.71mm\;y^{-1}$) and the wettest period in both the countries is July. However, the coefficient of variation shows that amplitude of interannual variation of summer monsoon over South Korea (22.55%) is larger in comparison to that of Nepal (10.52%). Summer monsoon precipitation of Nepal is found to be significantly correlated to that of South Korea with a correlation coefficient of 0.52 (99% confidence level). Large-scale circulations are studied to further investigate the relationship between the two countries. wind and specific humidity at 850 hPa show a strong westerly from Arabian Sea to BOB and from BOB, wind moves towards Nepal in a northwestward direction during the positive rainfall years. In case of East Asia, strong northward displacement of wind can be observed from Pacific to South Korea and strong anticyclone over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. However, during the negative rainfall years, in the South Asian region we can find weak westerly from the Arabian Sea to BOB, wind is blowing in a southerly direction from Nepal and Bangladesh to BOB.