• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2018

소나무재선충(pine wood nematode, PWN) 감염 소나무를 현장에서 신속하게 진단을 할 수 있는 방법은 현재 없다. 본 연구에서는 PWN특이적인 항원으로 알려진 PWN-GaLectin을 baculovirus발현체계로 발현시켜서 총 1,464개의 fusion hybridoma 세포 주 라이브러리를 제작 하는 항원으로 이용하였다. 총 1,464개의 fusion hybridoma 세포 주 중, PWN-GaLectin에 대한 높은 반응을 보이는 62개의 fusion hybridoma 세포 주를 선별했다. 이들 중, 표준 PWN 감염소나무 PBS추출물과 PWN 단백질 추출물에 강한 반응을 보이는 세포 주 12개를 선별하여 단클론 항체(monoclonal antibody, Mab) 분비세포 주 확립을 위한 limited dilution을 실시하였다. Mab분비세포 주 확립을 위해서 표준 PWN 감염소나무 추출물에 대한 반응이 표준 정상 소나무 추출물 보다 높은 세포 주들을 선별했다. 그리고 추가로 PWN 단백질 추출물에 대해서 3종의 비 병원성 선충 단백질 추출물 보다 높은 반응을 보이는 세포 주들도 선별, 확립했다. 본 연구에서 확립된 Mab들을 우리는 현장과 실험실에서 사용할 수 있는 신속진단키트의 개발에 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.178-189
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effects of pine pollen and horseradish, which were known as antimicrobial materials, on the fermentation of Kimchi. The physicochemical and microbial changes of Kimchi were investigated during period 30-days at $10^{\circ}C$. Even though Kimchi added pine pollen or horseradish powder were sustained the higher pH and lower acidity after 10 days, it delayed only 1∼2 more days to reach optimal value of Kimchi fermentation in experimental groups than control. The horseradish powder showed the antimicrobial effect of Kimchi at initial stage, but thereafter that effect of pine pollen or horseradish were not significant. Therefore the addition of pine pollen or horseradish powder to Kimchi is not sufficiently effective for extension of shelf-life of Kimchi.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2006

Because the surface of pine wood is very soft, there have been many attempts, like as surface coating, resin impregnation, and densificationt, to harden the surface of wood for its interior use. This study was carried out for surface hardening of pine wood by laminating of melamine resin sheet. The effect of laminating method on the characteristics of melamine resin sheet-laminated wood(MLW) was investigated. Flat-sawn softwoods were suitable for MLW making. And the pre-drying of wood at $105^{\circ}C$ for 30min, before laminating, was effective for preparing of defect-free MLW. The abrasion resistance of pine wood was greatly improved by laminating of melamine resin sheet on its surface. Consequently, the laminating of melamine resin sheet was proved to be a favorable method for improvement of surface abrasiveness of pine wood.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2009

충북 청원에서 2006년도부터 2008년까지 북방수염하늘소 성충의 수종(잣나무, 소나무, 낙엽송)에 따른 우화시기와 일중 우화 탈출시간을 조사하였다. 성충은 잣나무와 소나무에서 5월 초순(2${\sim}$10일)에 우화를 시작하였으며, 6월 중순(4${\sim}$20일)에 끝났다. 하지만 낙엽송에서는 5월 중순(13일)에 우화를 시작하여 5월 하순(27일)에 끝나 두 수종에 비하여 우화기간이 짧았다. 우화시기는 수컷과 암컷 간에 차이가 없었다. 2007년에 우화한 성충의 성비는 잣나무에서 0.55, 소나무 0.46, 낙엽송 0.59로 수종간 차이는 없었다. 일중 우화탈출은 24시간 내내 이루어졌고 최대 우화탈출은 12${\sim}$14:00시로 가장 높았고(22.8%), 06${\sim}$08:00시간이 가장 낮았다. 성충은 1년에 1세대 발생 비율이 98.9%이고, 2년 1세대 발생 성충의 비율은 1.1%이었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to study 1) emergence of pine bark beetles, 2) larval density in residual timber on Idlest land by each felling season, and 3) the secondary damage rates in the tended forest. Pine forest land which had undergone tending had a higher secondary damage ratio $(59.6\%)$ by pine bark beetles than forest land that was not tended $(2.8\%)$. The number of escape holes averaged 11.3 0.31 per $250 cm^2$ on the bark of leaf trees in the tended forest. The number of escape holes was higher in the Jinju site than in the Hamyang site. The larval habitat density of pine bark beetles as compared with each felling period was higher after mid-October than in forests tended early in October. Thus, forests should be tended before early October in order to prevent secondary damage from pine bark beetles. Secondary damage in the tended forest was higher in the upper part $(75.5\%)$ of the tree crown than in the lower part $(49.2\%)$. The damage was higher in terminal shoots $(80\%)$ than in lateral shoots $(48\%)$. Therefore, secondary damage by pine bark beetles can cause deterioration of the elongation growth of the forest trees. In conclusion, if by-products of tended pine forest forests are neglected, they will be utilized as a propagation site for pine bark beetles (Blastophagus piniperda L). The propagated adults will damage the tender shoots of the leaf trees and thus seriously limittheir elongation.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2010

The pine needles can be used for four seasons in normal living and it can be taken friendly everywhere as it is distributed over 50% in Korea. The pine needles consist of vitamins, protein, minerals, essential oil and enzyme related to antimicrobial activity. It has effect like high blood pressure, neuralgia and hanged over by terpene, glucokinin, rutin, apigenic acid and tannin. Also the extract of them can be used for dyeing of fabrics. However, the extract components and effects of them are not well known yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the volatile components of the pine needles extract and functionality. The pine needles extract was dyed into various fabrics(nylon, silk, wool and soybean) and mordanted with Al, Cu, Cr, Fe and Sn. The extracted aroma compounds were compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile compounds of pine needles verified by using SPME were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene, caryophyllene, ethanon, benzen. A total of 15 compounds were identified by using the SPME fibers. In the UV-visible spectra, the maximum absorption of wavelength of the pine needles ethanol extract appeared at 460, 630nm for chlorophyll component and at 237, 281nm for tannin component with the pine needles distilled water extract. Most of sample showed high antibacterial effect in none mordant but wool fabric showed high antibacterial effect in mordants. The result of UV block test showed a superior ability of blocking ultraviolet ray infiltration in all sample.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2013

The study was carried out in two different forest types viz., Banj oak and Chir pine forests to assess the variation in forest species composition and soil properties along altitudinal gradients in the Garhwal Himalayas. The results of the study showed that between the forests soil moisture was higher in Banj oak forest because of closed canopy and dense forest compared to Chir pine forest. The sand particles were reported higher in Banj oak forest which might be due to the addition of organic matter favouring coarse structure of soil, helping in holding maximum water in soils. However in the Chir pine forest low amount of soil organic matter and presence of clayey soil, develops soil compactness which reduces the penetration of water resulting in high soil bulk density. The higher accumulation of litter and presence of moisture in Banj oak forest favours higher nutrient level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to Chir pine forest. The soil organic carbon also reduced with increasing altitude at both gradients. While bulk density has reverse trend with soil organic carbon in both the forests at different peaks of same region. In Banj oak forest, the highest density and total basal cover was reported 1,100 tree $ha^{-1}$ and 58.86 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. However, the highest values of density and total basal cover of Chir pine forest was 560 tree$ha^{-1}$ and 56.94 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. The total density and basal cover of both the forests reduced with increasing altitude. The study concludes that Banj oak forest has better nutrient cycling ability, well developed foest floor and has a greater protective and productive features compared to the Chir pine forest which is without lower vegetation cover and having only pine litter accumulation which does not allow any other species to grow.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.549-555
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• 2010

본 연구는 생리활성효과와 더불어 독특한 향기와 맛으로 인해 식용버섯 중 가장 선호도가 높은 송이버섯의 수입량이 최근 급증하고 있고 특히, 냉동 송이버섯의 수입량이 대부분 을 차지하고 있어 이를 효율적으로 활용하기 위한 방안으로 송이 분말을 첨가한 설기떡을 제조하였다. 송이 분말을 첨가한 설기떡의 품질 특성을 측정한 결과, 수분 함량은 송이 분말의 첨가에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, pH는 송이 분말의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 낮아졌고 당도는 약간 높아졌다. 또한, 송이 분말 첨가 설기떡의 색도는 송이 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도(L값)는 낮아지고 적색도(a값)와 황색도(b값)이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 조직감의 특성 중 경도와 응집성, 검성은 송이 분말의 첨가에 따른 유의적인 변화가 나타나지 않은 반면, 탄력성과 부착성은 낮아졌다. 관능 기호도는 전반적으로 송이 분말 무첨가구에 비해 송이 분말 첨가구가 우수한 평가를 받았으며, 그 중에서도 3% 송이 분말 첨가구가 외관, 냄새, 조직감, 전반적인 기호도의 항목에서 우수하게 평가되었다. 이로써, 송 이 분말을 첨가한 설기떡의 제조 시에는 쌀가루 양 대비 3% 의 송이 분말을 첨가하는 것이 관능적인 기호도의 측면에서 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.505-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the product characteristics of 'Songhwasulgi,' which combines different kinds of pine pollen flours and sugars with non-glutinous, rich flour. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that the larger amount of pine pollen flour was mixed with non-glutinous rice flour higher level of bitterness, softness, and feeling after-swallowing was obtained degree of chewiness was in relation to the lesser amount of pine pollen flour. With regard to color, a higher acceptance level was achieved as the lesser amount of pine pollen flour was incorporated with non-glutinous rice How. On the other hand, it was revealed that the category of adding a honey to $7\%$ of pine pollen flour was found to be the highest level of flavor and overall quality According to the results of texture evaluation, the degree of hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness decreased as the larger amount of pine pollen flour was combined with non-glutinous rice flour. It was also found that the springiness of the texture tended to be low as more pine pollen flour was added. In addition, the degrees of gumminess and chewiness was inversely related to the amount of pine pollen flour With respect to a correlation between sensory evaluation and mechanical test, it was found that Songhwasulgi with higher acceptance level for color and flavor also obtained a higher level of hardness and overall quality.