• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2016

Japanese pine sawyer (JPS), Monochamus alternatus is a vector insect of pine wood nematode, Bersaphlenchus xylophilus in Korea and Japanese pine forest. This study was to evaluate the possibility of biological control of JPS with Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Korean EPNs (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1, S. glaseri Dongrae and S. longicaudum Nonsan strain) were infested bate insect, Galleria mellonella in log of dead pine tree. Result showed that, S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain has the highest pathogenicity. Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan and S. carpocapsae GSN1 had infested bate insect, which located in 7.5 cm depth of pine log. EPN has pathogenicity against larva and adult of JPS. Spray application of EPNs against adult of JPS, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain showed higher pathogenicity than S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain. EPN infested larva of JPS was detected on bark spray treatment with S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in dead pine log that naturally infested larva of JPS however, no EPN infested JPS was detected on soaking of pine log with suspension of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain. Though EPN had found with low efficacy against JPS but still possible to apply to control the boring insect pest as they can control log dwelling insect.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 2000

Seasonal distribution of ectomycorrhizal associations in various types of forest in a boreal forest in Manitoba. Canada was investigated. Alsohe relationship between ectomycorrhizal growth and pine pollen nutrients was examined. In four different forest stands, ectomycorrhizas tended to be lower in the spring than in the summer and fall samples. In addition. a mature jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stand showed higher mycorrhizal activities than a young jack pine stand. Growth of Suillus brevipes hyphae wa ts stimulated by additions of pollen representing mean pollen deposition in Mistik Creek study area after 30 and 70 days of growth with dextrose availability. This result suggests that the peak ectomycorrhizal activity is followed by pollen deposition in the study region and therefore, addition of pine and spruce pollen in early or middle of June in the boreal forest can be an important seasonal nutrient source for ectomycorrhizal growth.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.104-110
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• 2006

We investigated why aspen extractives are more resistant in kraft pulping than pine extractives. Residual extractives content in aspen kraft pulps were 0.5~1.1% compared with 0.1~0.2% in pine pulps. This different response arises from the different composition of extractives in wood chips. Resin acids in pine were almost completely removed in kraft pulping but those are not existence in aspen. Slower saponification of aspen steryl esters resulted from different chemical structure of aspen steryl esters. Main sterols in aspen steryl esters were 24-methyl cyclolanostenol which was highly resistant to alkaline hydrolysis with its characteristic steric hindrance. Sterols in aspen were not well removed in kraft pulping. The relative composition of sterol in aspen kraft pulps was increased with increasing pulping time. The presence of fatty acids in aspen kraft pulps is considered to unusual. Fatty acids in alkaline are supposed to be well ionized and removed well in the washing stage. Nevertheless, there were significant amount of fatty acids remaining in aspen kraft pulps.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2003

Pinosylvin, a stilbenoid phytoalexin, is a health ingredient to be extracted from pine leaves. In this study, ultrasonication-assisted extraction process for manufacturing extracts with high content of pinosylvin from pine leaves was investigated. As process and system variables, ultrasonic power, sonication time and solvent ratio were selected. According to the experimental results, the effective yield of pinosylvin increased with the increase of ultrasonic power and sonication time and the decrease of solvent ratio. When the ultrasonic power of 2400 W/L was added to the solution of pulverized pine leaves of 8 g per 1 L of a solvent for 10 minutes, yield of extracts and purity, effective yield and concentration ratio of pinosylvin were 0.3166 g/g, 0.7247 mg/g, 0.2294 mg/g and 23.0, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

Chemical composition, mineral compounds, cellular constituents, digestibility for dry matter, total digestible nutrients, and tannin constituents were investigated to evaluate feed value for oak and pine browses to use effectively browses as forest by products. The results of this study were as follows : Crude protein was 6.00∼7.89% for oak browse and 5.15∼6.06% for pine browse sampled through July to October, It gradually decreased in oak browse but not in pine browse as the growth of tree was progressed stages. Crude fat content of oak and pine browse were 1.90∼2.68% and 6.30∼6.33%. Crude fiber content was 33.3∼35.2% for oak browse and 33.7∼34.8% for pine browse and they tended to increase according to the growth stage of trees. Crude ash was 3.13∼2.78% for oak browse and 2.11 ∼1.93% for pine browse, respectively. Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu content were higher in oak browse than those in pine browse, but P, K, Na, Fe, and Zn content were similar each other. Mineral contents were decreased as the growth of tree was progressed(P<.05). Acid detergent fiber content of pine and oak browse were 47.7∼52.0% and 46.1∼48.1%, and they increased as the tree grew. Neutral detergent fiber content of pine and oak browse were 64.1∼67.9% and 65.0∼66.5%. NDF content was increased according to the tree growth in pine browse but it was the same in oak browse(P<.05). in vitro digestibility of dry matter was 51.7∼48.4% for pine browse that decreased according to the tree growth(p<.05) and 53.0∼5l.4% for oak browse. Total digestible nutrients of oak browse was 50.9∼52.4% and that of pine browse was 47.7∼51.1% which decreased as the tree grew. Oak browse showed the same relative feeding value(RFV) as pine browse, and it decreased as the growth of tree was progressed(P<.05). Tannin contents was 2.96% for oak browse, 6.27% for pine browse. Tannin contents decreased when browses were dried.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.327-333
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• 2003

A mixed forest of pines (Pines densiflora and Pinus rigida) and an oak forest (Quercus mongolica) in Mt. Kwanak in Seoul were limed with 1.5 t/ha and 3 t/ha of dolomite in 1993 and investigated the effects of liming on the chemical changes in the 0-5 cm and 5∼10 cm layers of soil from 1994 to 1995. Soil pH values were greater in the limed plots than in the control plot by the unit of 0.1-0.6 in the pine forest and 0.1∼0.2 in the oak forest. Ca concentrations in the limed plots were greater than those in the control plots in both the pine and oak forests. A considerable increase in Mg concentrations in soil was observed in the limed plots. K and Na concentrations in the limed plots appeared to decrease in both the pine and oak forests two years after liming. Although Al concentrations were greater in the limed plots than in the control plot in the pine forest in 1994, there was a tendency of a decrease in the concentration of this metal in the limed plots in 1995. Mn concentrations also tended to decrease in the limed plots in both the pine and oak forests.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2008

To investigate the functional properties and the antioxidant effect of pine needle(Pinus densiflora), the pine needle extract was obtained with methanol and its functionality was measured by spectrophotometric method, and the antioxidant experiment on soybean oil was carried out by the active oxygen method. The extraction yield of pine needle with 99% methanol was about 19%, the total flavonoid content of the pine needle-methanol extract was 11.32 mg/g on dry basis and the superoxide dismutase-like activity was 94.3%. The nitrite scavenging ability of the extract was pH dependent with the values of 77.44% at pH 1.2, 48.45% at pH 3.0 and 11.04% at pH 6.0, respectively. The peroxide value was 92.6 meq/kg at 5% dosage, 138.4 meq/kg at 2% dosage of the extract on 8 oxidation days. The period of the peroxide value to be 100 mg/kg was 4.9, 6.3 and 8.5 days at control, 2% and 5% dosage of extract, respectively. And the relative antioxidant effectiveness of the extract was 27.9% and 72.3% increase at 2% and 5% dosage, respectively, compared to control. The thiobarbituric acid value showed few differences within 4 oxidation days, but with the dosage of the extract it fairly decreased with considerable antioxidant effect to control above 4 days.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.235-239
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• 2002

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release patterns were examined using in situ buried fine root (＜ 2mm in diameter) bags inserted vertically into the mineral soil to a depth of the top 15 cm in a sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) and a Korean pine (Pinus korainesis) stands in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyonggi-do, Korea. The pine roots compared with the oak roots showed rapid mass loss in early stages of decomposition, but decomposed similarly after 12 months of incubation. Decomposition rates of fine roots were about 33%/yr for the oak roots and 37$\%$/yr for the pine roots. Nutrients except for calcium and phosphorus showed similar concentrations between the oak and the pine roots during the study period. However, calcium concentration was significantly higher in the oak than in the pine roots. Nutrient concentrations in both stands except for nitrogen decreased during the study period. In addition, potassium compared with other nutrients was the most mobile ion and about 70$\%$ of initial amount was released during the first 3 months of incubation. The results indicate that tree species influence mass loss and nutrient dynamics of fine roots on similar site conditions.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.101-105
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• 2002

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release patterns were examined using in situ buried fine root (< 2mm in diameter) bags inserted vertically into the mineral soil to a depth of the top 15 cm in a sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) and a Korean pine (Pinus korainesis) stands in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyonggi-do, Korea. The pine roots compared with the oak roots showed rapid mass loss in early stages of decomposition, but decomposed similarly after 12 months of incubation. Decomposition rates of fine roots were about 33%/yr for the oak roots and 37%/yr for the pine roots. Nutrients except for calcium and phosphorus showed similar concentrations between the oak and the pine roots during the study period. However, calcium concentration was significantly higher in the oak than in the pine roots. Nutrient concentrations in both stands except for nitrogen decreased during the study period. In addition, potassium compared with other nutrients was the most mobile ion and about 70% of initial amount was released during the first 3 months of incubation. The results indicate that tree species influence mass loss and nutrient dynamics of fine roots on similar site conditions.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.689-695
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• 2007

The pine mushroom is recognized as being a valuable functional food and is considered a prized mushroom. One of the product development plans for this mushroom is a granular tea. Thus, for this study, the physical properties and sensory qualities evaluation of such a this product were measured. First, we extracted pine mushrooms at various temperatures(50, 60, 70, 80 and $90^{\circ}C$) to make a pine mushroom granular tea. The extraction yield and free amino acid content were greatest in the $50^{\circ}C$ extraction. This extract that was acquired at $50^{\circ}C$ was lyophilized and pulverized to make the granule tea. According to the results, the granular tea made from 4% pine mushroom powder had the best taste, with a Brix value of 1.9% and a pH of 4.12. The L-value of chromaticity was 49.00, the a-value -0.85, and the b-value was 1.28.