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Development of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to Galectin of Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle and Their Utilization for Detection of Pine Wood Nematodes (소나무재선충[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle]의 GaLectin에 대한 특이적인 단클론 항체 제작과 진단에의 활용)

  • Kim, A-Young;Kim, Young Ha;Choi, Bo-Hye;Nguyen, Trang;Yoon, Kyungjae Andrew;Lee, Si Hyeock;Han, Hye-Rim;Koh, Young Ho
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.57 no.1
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    • pp.7-13
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    • 2018
  • Currently, there is no available tool that rapidly diagnoses pine wood nematode (PWN)-infected pine trees in the field. In this study, we synthesized and purified PWN Galectin, which might be an antigen specific to PWN, using the Baculovirus expression system. We used PWN Galectin as an antigen for generating 1,464 fusion hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Among them, we selected 62 fusion hybridoma cell lines showing high reactivity to PWN Galectin. We further selected 12 fusion hybridoma cell lines showing high reactivity to the standard PWN-infected pine tree phosphate buffered saline (PBS) extract. Additionally, two fusion hybridoma cell lines showing no or extremely low reactivity were used as controls. The selected fusion hybridoma cell lines were subjected to limiting dilutions for selecting and establishing Mab-secreting cell lines showing higher reactivity to the standard PWN-infected pine tree extract than to the standard normal pine tree PBS extract. Moreover, the selected fusion hybridoma cell lines were further selected based on their higher reactivity to PWN protein extracts than to three non-pathogenic nematode protein extracts. The Mab-secreting cell lines established in this study could be used to develop rapid diagnostic tools that can be used in the field or in laboratories for detecting PWN-infected pine trees or PWN.

The Effects of Pine Pollen and Horseradish on Fermentation of Kimchi (송화 및 고추냉이 첨가가 김치 발효에 미치는 영향)

  • Rha, Young-Ah;Park, Jung-Nan;Na, Young-Sun
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.178-189
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    • 2004
  • This study was performed to investigate the effects of pine pollen and horseradish, which were known as antimicrobial materials, on the fermentation of Kimchi. The physicochemical and microbial changes of Kimchi were investigated during period 30-days at $10^{\circ}C$. Even though Kimchi added pine pollen or horseradish powder were sustained the higher pH and lower acidity after 10 days, it delayed only 1∼2 more days to reach optimal value of Kimchi fermentation in experimental groups than control. The horseradish powder showed the antimicrobial effect of Kimchi at initial stage, but thereafter that effect of pine pollen or horseradish were not significant. Therefore the addition of pine pollen or horseradish powder to Kimchi is not sufficiently effective for extension of shelf-life of Kimchi.

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Surface Hardening of Pine Wood by Laminating of Melamine Resin Sheet (멜라민수지 함침지 적층에 의한 소나무재의 표면 강화)

  • Han, Gyu-Seong
    • Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.83-89
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    • 2006
  • Because the surface of pine wood is very soft, there have been many attempts, like as surface coating, resin impregnation, and densificationt, to harden the surface of wood for its interior use. This study was carried out for surface hardening of pine wood by laminating of melamine resin sheet. The effect of laminating method on the characteristics of melamine resin sheet-laminated wood(MLW) was investigated. Flat-sawn softwoods were suitable for MLW making. And the pre-drying of wood at $105^{\circ}C$ for 30min, before laminating, was effective for preparing of defect-free MLW. The abrasion resistance of pine wood was greatly improved by laminating of melamine resin sheet on its surface. Consequently, the laminating of melamine resin sheet was proved to be a favorable method for improvement of surface abrasiveness of pine wood.

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Emergence Timing of the Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) by Tree Species (북방수염하늘소(Monochamus saltuarius)의 수종별 우화시기)

  • Han, Ju-Hwan;You, Jong-Hyun;Koo, Chang-Deok;Yoon, Chang-Mann;Choi, Kwang-Sik;Shin, Sang-Chul;Kim, Gil-Hah
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.189-195
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    • 2009
  • This study was performed to investigate the emergence timing and daily emergence from the different tree species logs (Korean white pine, Pine, and Japanese larch) at Cheongwon, Chungcheongbuk-do from 2006 to 2008. Pine sawyer adults began to emerge on early May (2${\sim}$10th day) and finished on mid-June (4${\sim}$20th day) in the Korean white pine and pine logs. However, pine sawyer adults began to emerge on mid-May (13th day) and finished late May (27th day) in Japanese larch logs, Japanese larch logs shows shorter emergence timing of pine sawyer adult compare to those of other two tree species. Emergence timing shows no difference between males and females. Sex ratios of emerged adult in 2007 were 0.55 from Korean white pine, 0.46 from Pine, and 0.59 from Japanese larch; it shows no difference among tree species. Female and male adults emerged throughout 24 hrs; 22.8% of the total adults emerged from 12${\sim}$14:00 (22.8%) and adults emerged lowest from 06${\sim}$08:00. Of the adults emerged from the logs, 98.9% was univoltine and the rest was biennial which emerged next year.

Secondary Damage and Adult Emergence of Pine Bark Beetle (Blastophagus piniperda) in Tended Forests (숲 가꾸기 임지의 소나무좀 발생과 후식 피해)

  • Goo Kwan-Hyo;Lee Jeong-Hwan;Kim Jong-Kab
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.258-264
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    • 2005
  • The objectives of this study were to study 1) emergence of pine bark beetles, 2) larval density in residual timber on Idlest land by each felling season, and 3) the secondary damage rates in the tended forest. Pine forest land which had undergone tending had a higher secondary damage ratio $(59.6\%)$ by pine bark beetles than forest land that was not tended $(2.8\%)$. The number of escape holes averaged 11.3 0.31 per $250 cm^2$ on the bark of leaf trees in the tended forest. The number of escape holes was higher in the Jinju site than in the Hamyang site. The larval habitat density of pine bark beetles as compared with each felling period was higher after mid-October than in forests tended early in October. Thus, forests should be tended before early October in order to prevent secondary damage from pine bark beetles. Secondary damage in the tended forest was higher in the upper part $(75.5\%)$ of the tree crown than in the lower part $(49.2\%)$. The damage was higher in terminal shoots $(80\%)$ than in lateral shoots $(48\%)$. Therefore, secondary damage by pine bark beetles can cause deterioration of the elongation growth of the forest trees. In conclusion, if by-products of tended pine forest forests are neglected, they will be utilized as a propagation site for pine bark beetles (Blastophagus piniperda L). The propagated adults will damage the tender shoots of the leaf trees and thus seriously limittheir elongation.

Components of Pine Needles Extract and Functionality of the Dyed Fabrics (솔잎 추출물의 성분 분석 및 염색물의 건강안전 기능성 평가)

  • Joen, Mi-Sun;Park, Myung-Ja
    • The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.371-381
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    • 2010
  • The pine needles can be used for four seasons in normal living and it can be taken friendly everywhere as it is distributed over 50% in Korea. The pine needles consist of vitamins, protein, minerals, essential oil and enzyme related to antimicrobial activity. It has effect like high blood pressure, neuralgia and hanged over by terpene, glucokinin, rutin, apigenic acid and tannin. Also the extract of them can be used for dyeing of fabrics. However, the extract components and effects of them are not well known yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the volatile components of the pine needles extract and functionality. The pine needles extract was dyed into various fabrics(nylon, silk, wool and soybean) and mordanted with Al, Cu, Cr, Fe and Sn. The extracted aroma compounds were compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile compounds of pine needles verified by using SPME were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene, caryophyllene, ethanon, benzen. A total of 15 compounds were identified by using the SPME fibers. In the UV-visible spectra, the maximum absorption of wavelength of the pine needles ethanol extract appeared at 460, 630nm for chlorophyll component and at 237, 281nm for tannin component with the pine needles distilled water extract. Most of sample showed high antibacterial effect in none mordant but wool fabric showed high antibacterial effect in mordants. The result of UV block test showed a superior ability of blocking ultraviolet ray infiltration in all sample.

Altitudinal Variation in Species Composition and Soil Properties of Banj Oak and Chir Pine Dominated Forests

  • Kumar, Munesh;Singh, Harpal;Bhat, Jahangeer A.;Rajwar, G.S.
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 2013
  • The study was carried out in two different forest types viz., Banj oak and Chir pine forests to assess the variation in forest species composition and soil properties along altitudinal gradients in the Garhwal Himalayas. The results of the study showed that between the forests soil moisture was higher in Banj oak forest because of closed canopy and dense forest compared to Chir pine forest. The sand particles were reported higher in Banj oak forest which might be due to the addition of organic matter favouring coarse structure of soil, helping in holding maximum water in soils. However in the Chir pine forest low amount of soil organic matter and presence of clayey soil, develops soil compactness which reduces the penetration of water resulting in high soil bulk density. The higher accumulation of litter and presence of moisture in Banj oak forest favours higher nutrient level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to Chir pine forest. The soil organic carbon also reduced with increasing altitude at both gradients. While bulk density has reverse trend with soil organic carbon in both the forests at different peaks of same region. In Banj oak forest, the highest density and total basal cover was reported 1,100 tree $ha^{-1}$ and 58.86 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. However, the highest values of density and total basal cover of Chir pine forest was 560 tree$ha^{-1}$ and 56.94 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. The total density and basal cover of both the forests reduced with increasing altitude. The study concludes that Banj oak forest has better nutrient cycling ability, well developed foest floor and has a greater protective and productive features compared to the Chir pine forest which is without lower vegetation cover and having only pine litter accumulation which does not allow any other species to grow.

Ophiostomatoid Fungi in Pine Wilt Disease and Oak Wilt Disease in Korea

  • Kim, Seong Hwan
    • 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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    • 2014.05a
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    • pp.41-41
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    • 2014
  • Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

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Quality Characteristics of Sulgidduk Added with Pine Mushroom(Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) Powder (송이 분말을 첨가한 설기떡의 품질 특성)

  • Choi, Suk-Hyun
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.549-555
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to investigate rheological and sensory characteristics of Sulgidduk added with pine mushroom powder. The moisture content of the Sulgidduk ranged from 34.79 to 36.93%. Increasing the amount of pine mushroom powder in the Sulgidduk tended to decrease the pH value, but to increase the $brix^{\circ}$ value. Increasing the amount of pine mushroom powder in the Sulgidduk tended to decrease the lightness(L) in Hunter color value, but to increase the redness(a) and yellowness(b). For the textural characteristics, the addition of pine mushroom powder decreased the adhesiveness and springiness. In sensory evaluation, the addition of 3% pine mushroom powder had the best score in appearance, odor, taste and overall preference. Therefore, this results suggest that adding 3% pine mushroom powder would be feasible for making pine mushroom Sulgidduk.

Sensory and Mechanical Characteristics of Songhwasulgi by Different Ratio of Ingredients (송화설기의 재료 배합비에 따른 관능적$\cdot$텍스쳐 특성)

  • Lee Hyo-Gee;Kim Ha-Jung;Cha Gyung-Hee
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.21 no.4 s.88
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    • pp.505-513
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the product characteristics of 'Songhwasulgi,' which combines different kinds of pine pollen flours and sugars with non-glutinous, rich flour. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that the larger amount of pine pollen flour was mixed with non-glutinous rice flour higher level of bitterness, softness, and feeling after-swallowing was obtained degree of chewiness was in relation to the lesser amount of pine pollen flour. With regard to color, a higher acceptance level was achieved as the lesser amount of pine pollen flour was incorporated with non-glutinous rice How. On the other hand, it was revealed that the category of adding a honey to $7\%$ of pine pollen flour was found to be the highest level of flavor and overall quality According to the results of texture evaluation, the degree of hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness decreased as the larger amount of pine pollen flour was combined with non-glutinous rice flour. It was also found that the springiness of the texture tended to be low as more pine pollen flour was added. In addition, the degrees of gumminess and chewiness was inversely related to the amount of pine pollen flour With respect to a correlation between sensory evaluation and mechanical test, it was found that Songhwasulgi with higher acceptance level for color and flavor also obtained a higher level of hardness and overall quality.