• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.269-286
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to explore the degree of family strengths in Korea and the relationships of various characteristics to it. Family strengths the dependent variable is composed of four factors such as family commitment family communication family values and family crisis coping strategies. Independent variables are the following :i) family socio-demographic variables ii) individual variables iii) social variables. The main findings were as follows; 1. The degree of family strengths in Korea is generally high. Among four factors of family strengths the degree of family commitment is relatively higher and that of family values is relatively lower than the others. 2. The variables which independently affected the family strengths have influence in the following order ; individual marital satisfaction family's S.E.S(middle) self esteem, instrumental support from society and husband's income(middle level). These results show that the variable related to the family streng hs are multi-dimensional. Accordingly for the purpose of fortifying family in strengths educational programs should be prepared according to multi-dimensional characteristics.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.45-61
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• 2015

This study examines the effects of time spent with parents and peers on generational differences in children's externalizing behavior problems in immigrant families. Using the Child Development Supplement and Time Diaries from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we found that first and second generation children exhibited fewer externalizing behavior problems than did third generation children, despite their lower socioeconomic status. First and second generation children spent more time with either one or both parents, and less time with peers, on the weekend day than did third generation children. We found a marginal but beneficial effect of time spent with fathers on the weekday, but not on the weekend day. The implications are that time spent with fathers on weekdays differs from time spent with fathers on the weekend, and that promoting immigrant father involvement on the weekday through school or community programs could benefit immigrant children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.91-111
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• 2001

The present study investigated differences in children's school achievement and emotional and social development by type of after-school care: self-care and mother-care. It also examined relationships between children's developmental outcomes and ecological variables, including individual, familial, and environmental variables by care methods. The data of 330 mother-care and 161 self-care children was provided by teachers, mothers, and the children themselves. The analyses of the data were conducted by t-test, correlation, and regression. Findings were that mother-care children had higher scores in grades, school adjustment and teacher relationship and lower depression and withdrawn behaviors than self-care children; after-school activities and peer support predicted the developmental outcomes of mother-care children; gender, autonomous ability, and behavior control predicted the development of self-care children.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nutritional knowledge on food habits of male employees in Korea. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 265 male employees of Seoul and Kyunggi area in Korea. The data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA using SPSS (ver 12.0). Regarding the general aspects of subjects, the highest percent of ages were between the age 21-30 year old. Most respondents were graduates from a university. About twenty percent of male employees' average income was 1-2 million won per month. Most of their families were nuclear families. Eighty three percent of the respondents did not experience any education on nutrition and obtained food and nutritional information from television and internet. The respondents had a high level of perceived knowledge (86.2%); yet, the accuracy of knowledge was lower than the perceived knowledge (72.31%). Regarding the nutritional knowledge, single groups showed a lower score than married groups and groups living with family. Higher nutritional knowledge correlated with higher educational levels, among man in their twenties and thirties. With regards to their eating habits, the frequency of food intake within a weekly period was significantly different; a large percentage of respondents had high frequencies of instant food, alcohol consumption, and smoking. The higher scores regarding dietary habits were for age groups ranging from 41-60 year old, married individuals, nuclear family groups and educational groups with university degrees. Based on the results of this study, male employees have problem concerning food habits in that they are unbalanced and have a tendency to skip meals. Therefore, for the improvement of nutritional status and eating behavior of male employees, the importance of nutrition needs to be emphasized with proper nutritional education programs.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.149-164
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• 2015

In recent years, leisure time has received increasing attention in Korean society. Despite the growing interest, however, there are very few studies that explored shared leisure time, especially among married couples. In this light, the present study examined variations in shared leisure time by demographic characteristics and associations between shared leisure time and quality of marital relationship. We used the third wave of the national data KLoWF (Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, 9,997 19-64 years old women). The study sample included 5,965 married women with no prior history of divorce. Results showed that Korean wives reported very little shared leisure time with their husbands. Given that the mean of the shared leisure time reported by employed women was significantly lower than that of the un-employed, we speculated that the time constraint may be one of the major barriers to having leisure time with one's spouse among Korean married couples. Married women in their 30's had the most frequent couple leisure time. The younger wives in their 20s had more cultural leisure time with their husbands, but sharing outdoor leisure time was not related to their age. The higher level of education for women was associated with greater shared active leisure time. However, visiting a husband's family often took place regardless of the wives' education level. After controlling for age, years of education, job status and annual family income, shared active leisure time (i.e., cultural activity and exercise) was positively related to marital satisfaction. Visiting one's own family, however, was not considered a leisure activity for Korean wives. Rather, frequent family visits were related to lower marital satisfaction. Findings shed light on how leisure life of married women with spouses are intertwined with not only their socioeconomic status and but also marital relationship in culturally unique ways.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 2014

With regard to recently emerged problems of smartphone addiction among adults and adolescents, this paper researched upper-grade elementary students depending on various demographic factors that have not been studied thoroughly so far. The survey was conducted on 1570 students in grades 4~6 of schools in Gyeonggi province. Results showed that, first, the average rate of smartphone ownership was about 66%. Second, about 1% of the students belonged to high-risk group, 5.7% to at-risk group, and normal user group was 93.3%. Third, based on the demographic factors, grade and academic achievements each was significantly correlated to the type of addiction group. For example, students with poor academic performance or in higher grade were more likely to be highly addictive. Fourth, both groups of at-risk and of normal-user pertaining to these factors - in urban areas, male students, sixth-grade, in dual income families - showed higher addictiveness score. But they were contrasted in the aspects of household economy and academic performance: at-risk group was more addictive in affluent families or excellent academic performance, whereas normal-user group had higher level of addictiveness in case of poor families or lower academic performance.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.83-83
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate interpersonal support, tension in lifechanges & satisfaction. The selected sample is composed of 387 housewives in ChongJoo city. SAS pc program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Data was analyzed by frequency, F-test, percentage, mean, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Regression Analysis. Major findings as follows: 1)At wedding & funeral ceremony, kin networks of her parents & parents-in law side were variables to have influence on tension in life changes. And the number of social organization participated were a variable to have influence on the satisfaction. The age of couple, education of couple, duration of marriage, income, family lifecycle, the number of children, pattern of family were variables to influence tension in life changes, but were not variables to influence on the satisfaction. 2) At usual or wedding & funeral ceremony, kin networks of her parents side were variables to influence on instrumental & companionship support. And the number of friends was a variable to influence on companionship & informational support. The number of neighbors was a variable to influence on instrumental, companionship & informational support. The number of social organization participated was a variable to influence on companionship & emotional support. The age of couple, education of couple,income, duration of marriage, family life cycle, number of children, family size, family type were variables to influence on interpersonal support. 3)The relationship between tension and satisfaction in life changes was negative, and between instrumental support and satisfaction was negative also. But between companionship support and satisfaction was positive relationship and between tension of personal &social life and instrumental support was positive relationship. The relationship between tension of marriage life and companionship support was negative and between tension of family life and information support was negative relationships. The received companionship support was lower tension in life changes than not received it. But the received instrumental support was higher tension of personal & social life. The received companionship & informational support was higher satisfaction than not received them. But the received instrumental support was lower satisfaction than not received it. 4) Instrumental & companionship support, at usual kin network of her parents in taw side, at wedding & funeral ceremony kin network of her parents side,were variables to influence on tension in life changes. Instrumental, companionship& informational support, at wedding & funeral ceremony kin network of her parents side, were variables to influence on the satisfaction

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.139-157
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• 2005

In rural area, as the source of family income is related with the agriculture works, the living condition of non-farming family used to be lower except some family groups with a little higher income. In order to find out the improvement in rural life, data about the health behavior and diet habits of non-farming family were observed. This study evaluated the health behavior and diet habits of non-farming families by comparing them with those of the farming families in rural area. The survey was made by trained interviewers and a total of 1,870 subjects from 9 provinces were questioned to collect the data through sampling probability proportional to size. The non-farming families were $29.6\%$ of the total and they were with no spouse($38\%$), low number of family members(2.86), and aged husband(66.8 years) or wife(58.5 years). $83.1\%$ of the non farming families were having breakfast however, $95.1\%$ of the farming families were doing it. And the number of side dishes in non farming families was low(1-2 kinds: $17.7\%$). Out of non farming families, $47.3\%$ took no nutritional supplements and out of the farming families it was 40.8 $\%$ With regard to having snacks, $22\%$ of non-farmers had snacks daily and it was greater than that of farmers($16.6\%$). But the ratio of non-snack taking of the non-farmers($29.6\%$) was higher than that of farmers($24.5\%$). The sorts of snacks also varied and for farmers it used to be fruit and noodles and for non-farmers it was bread and milk. Instant foods were often selected by $35.6\%$ of non-farmers. Dining out with a frequency of once per month was reported in $23.2\%$ of non-farming families, but $47.6\%$ of them did not dine out at all. In case of food production for family consumption, small portion of non-farmers cultivated pepper($13.3\%$), Korean cabbage ($16.2\%$), and sesame($6.2\%$) but almost all of the farmers cultivated such crops. However, non-farmers produced soybean sprouts($0.7\%$), soybean curd($0.2\%$), and eggs($7.2\%$) and it was compared with the fact that farmers produced soybean sprouts($9.7\%$), soybean curd ($4.6\%$), and eggs($5.1\%$). Non-farmers stocked the fermented foods: Doenjang ($57.8\%$), Kochujang ($56.1\%$), Kanjang ($53.6\%$), Kimchi ($77.9\%$) and Jangajji ($37.2\%$), and this ratios were smaller than those of farmers: Doenjang ($93.6\%$), Kochujang ($92.9\%$), Kanjang ($87.9\%$), Kimchi ($97.7\%$) and Jangajji ($66.7\%$). As to health behavior of the subjects, non-farmers had less medical examinations and bathing than farmers did. Non-farmers and their wives used public bath facilities more often and it may be due to the low condition of bathing facilities. And the ratio of daily alcohol consumption was $15\%$ and it was higher than that of the farmers. Most of the spouse of the farmers did not drink($78\%$), but the wives of the non-farmers were drinking more frequently. More farmers smoked than non-farmers and $45\%$ of male farmers were smokers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.197-210
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• 2004

The Purpose of this study was to explore the effects of differentiation, emotion over involvement(expressed emotion), and criticism between middle-or-old aged parent and child, by relation of emotional system, on child's psychological depression. The subject of this study were m premarital adult children over 30 years old. The major findings of this study were as follows. First. it was found that mother-child differentiation was more perceptive than that of father-child. With psychological depression, expressed emotion within family and criticism were shown average score that was lower than middle score. Second, among demographic characteristics, there are significant differences premarital adult children's sex, education, income, family type, father's education, and parents' marital status. Third, as the result of regression analysis, the higher level of psychological depression when the lower differentiation between parent-child, the higher expressed emotion over involvement within family and criticism. Based on the findings in this study, the relation of emotional system is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the therapeutic intervention and relation improvement program when individual and family counseling about parent-child are going on.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2015

Objective : The objective of this study was to examine the mental health status and its correlates of the marriage-migrant women in Seoul, Korea. Methods : One hundred and seventy marriage-migrant women and one hundred and sixteen married Korean women were recruited from community to complete Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL-90-R). Marriage-migrant women were also asked for their socio-demographic factors, acculturative stress, family-relationship stress, and social support. The scores on the SCL-90-R were compared between marriage-migrant women and married Korean women, and the correlates of marriage-migrant women's mental health were investigated. Results : Compared to married Korean women, marriage-migrant women showed lower levels of mental health problems including somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. Longer length of residence in Korea, lower family income, social support, higher acculturation stress, and family relationship stress were all associated with mental health problems of marriage-migrant women Results : Our results suggest that mental health of marriage-migrant women is not necessarily bad, and several factors may affect their mental health. However, further studies are required in a larger representative sample to confirm the study findings.