• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.795-811
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the structural relations will be examined among the VMD image of clothe stores, emotional reactions of brand awareness, brand image, brand attitude, and purchase intention. An empirical study in experimental design was conducted to female college students in their twenties, who made a huge influential group in the fashion industry, by considering the VMD characteristics of clothing shops. It measured the effects of VMD based on the changes to the consumer attitude before and after the VMD renewals, the correlations between brand recognition and VMD, and the influences of VMD on brand recognition and image, which were considered as important factors in creating brand assets. The research findings were as follows: 1. There were differences in emotional reactions according to the VMD image changes before and after renewal. Considering that the consumers recognized the VMD changes before and after renewal and showed different emotional reactions, the VMD image seems to be a major variable affecting their emotions. 2. As for the changes to the VMD image and brand image before and after renewal, the consumers recognized the VMD changes before and after renewal and consequently recognized the brad images differently, which implies that brand image can vary according to the effects of VMD renewal and changes to the VMD image.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2012

The traditional market in the nation was forced to decrease greatly users as well as sales because of opening of all of the markets, Internet shopping mall, home shopping and other new types of marketing businesses to lose market functions remarkably. Therefore, the Agency for Traditional Market Administration of Small & Medium Business Administration made efforts to develop traditional market, for instance, modernization of the facilities to improve physical environment, and improvement of each shop by using VMD, and so on. The purpose of the study was to examine efficiency of VMD shops for development of traditional market by the Agency for Traditional Market Administration and effects of VMD upon sales of each shop, and to help establish VMD strategies for customer satisfactions as well as visual environment of traditional market. The author visited five shops at Busan Jin Market, special market of articles for wedding ceremony that joined VMD shop guide of traditional market, and taught VMD on-the-spot and investigated it. Questionnaire of Agency for Traditional Market Administration was used to interview shop owners, shopkeepers and consumers, etc and to examine factors of changes of sales and customers' satisfactions before and after VMD. The purpose of the study was to investigate effects and satisfactions of increase of the sales of VMD shop guide that the government promoted to develop traditional market so far. Therefore, the author investigated VMD presentation, increase of the sales before and after VMD presentation, increase of number of customers, and satisfactions, etc of Korean clothes shops that joined improvement of VMD shop guide of traditional market of the government in 2010. The author investigated effects of the sales, increase of customers and satisfactions, etc by case study and empirical analysis, and she presented user-oriented VMD presentation techniques of traditional market and suggested improvement. After applying VMD, the shops could increase sales more than 20 percent in average, and satisfaction of VMD presentation was more than 88 points or more to be very much high. This study suggested VMD strategies and presentation of traditional market to give consumers affirmative visual images and to develop traditional market.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.721-731
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of VMD consciousness on importance of VMD components and clothing purchasing behaviors of university students. The research method was survey and subjects were 545 male and female university students in Chungnam province. The questionnaire consisted of 4 measuring instruments; VMD consciousness, importance of VMD components, clothing purchasing behaviors, and demographic attribution. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, $X^2$ test, t-test, cluster analysis, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, university students had high VMD consciousness and attended to fashion trend, brand image, product information, and enjoyment of shopping, and felt appetite to purchase. Second, university students considered store arrangement and show window display as the important VMD components to purchase clothing. Third, university students were categorized into 3 consumer types(shopping/brand pursuit type, utilitarian information pursuit type, and trend/information pursuit type) by VMD consciousness. Forth, the consumer types by VMD consciousness showed many differences in importance of VMD components and clothing purchasing behaviors. Shopping/brand type considered show window display, cleanness and lighting/music/properties/color as more important VMD components, and used more money to purchase clothing and shopped more often than other consumer types.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.120-128
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• 2014

Due to prolonged recession and limited spending of the consumers, domestic fashion brands are putting their efforts in pursuing competitiveness in order to survive in an intense competition, and because of this reason, VMD is being considered significant as a strategy for store environment improvement. An empirical research regarding analysis for systematic strategic VMD configuration factors of fashion retail store and relationship of repurchase intention that have effects on increase in sales was conducted. Thus, this study considers importance and spatial interrelation of VMD configuration factors of fashion retail store through theoretical consideration, and based on this, VMD configuration factors were restructured into reconcilability, attractiveness and epidemicity. An empirical validation through theoretical hypotheses and survey for relationships among VMD configuration factors, brand preference and repurchase intention was conducted. As a result of path analysis, VMD configuration factors reconcilability, attractiveness and epidemicity have effects on repurchase intention, and it was analyzed that epidemicity has the biggest effect on consumers. Also, it was found that brand preference has effects on repurchase intention and through this, as favorability and customer satisfaction for brand has effects on repurchase intention, it is judged that creating a strong brand image and brand image building is important the most for improving brand preference.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyzed that the perceived price and VMD fitness of the SPA(speciality store retailer of Private label Apparel) brand characteristics impacts on multidimensional commitment consist of affective commitment, calculative commitment and behavioral commitment. Using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 by structural equation modeling analysis, we found that perceived price have effects on affective commitment, behavioral commitment and calculative commitment significantly, and VMD fitness have effects affective commitment significant only. Affective commitment and calculative commitment on behavioral commitment was affected significantly. Through this study we found that perceived price and VMD fitness SPA brand maintaining relationships between the consumer and the seller are an important factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.100-113
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate how VMD structural elements affect fashion brand attitude and intention of store revisiting. For the research, we surveyed 200 females in their 20's and 30's, who are target consumers of SPA brands from April 10th to 15th in 2009. With SPSS 12.0 program, the data was analysed by frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results are as follows: First, regarding to the results of factor analysis, VMD structural elements were divided into the space layout and information factor, display and aesthetic factor, and store atmosphere factor. Second, intention of store revisiting was statically affected by fashion brand attitude and VMD structural elements, especially space layout and information factor. Third, we found differences in the path effects of VMD structural elements - brand attitude - store revisiting according to the familiarity of SPA stores. The results revealed that VMD structural elements are important marketing strategic tools affecting consumer's preference and store behavior on fashion brands.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.263-278
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• 2014

The purpose of our research was to understand the effect of consumers' regulatory focus (i.e., promotion focused vs. prevention focused) on their evaluation of clothing store's VMD and store visiting intention. The results showed that the hedonic and utilitarian benefits of store VMD have significantly a positive impact on visiting intentions. In addition, the relationship between perceived hedonic benefits and store visiting intention was significantly different for PO and PE groups; hedonic benefits explained significantly more of the variance in store visiting intention for promotion-focused group than prevention-focused group. Conversely, utilitarian benefits explained significantly more of the variance in store visiting intention for PE than PO group. These results supported both hypotheses and showed that consumers with a promotion focus have stronger visiting intention toward the VMD with hedonic benefits compared with VMD with utilitarian benefits. Conversely, consumers with a prevention focus have stronger visiting intention toward the VMD with utilitarian benefits compared with VMD with hedonic benefits.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.39-53
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• 2012

Purpose - This study identifies relationships amongst repurchase intentions, brand equity, and preference by applying VMD of fashion retail stores. The results would help coffee shop owners and coffee makers in devising an appropriate strategy for successfully managing coffee shops. Research design, data, methodology - The VMD model of a coffee shop includes harmony, trend, and attractiveness, while brand equity encompasses brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand image. In this study, the VMD factors of coffee shops, brand equity, and brand preference, are shown as independent variables, while repurchase intention is shown as the dependent variable. The study aims to ascertain the extent of the influence configuration factors of a coffee shop have on brand equity, brand preference, and repurchase intention. Regression analysis was used to verify the mediating effects of brand preference on brand equity and repurchase intention. The measurement items were already deemed as reliable and valid in the previous study, but some modifications were made for the purposes of this study. Questionnaires were distributed to 550 consumers on a national scale, and 517 consumers amongst these were finally used as a sample for analysis using the SPSS 17.0 statistical program. Results - First, amongst the VMD configuration factors of a coffee shop, trend, and attractiveness have a positive impact on brand equity (brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand image). Second, brand equity has a positive effect on brand preference. Third, brand preference has a positive effect on repurchase intention. Fourth, brand preference plays the role of a mediator in measuring the impact of brand awareness and brand image on customers' repurchase intentions. Conclusions - The theoretical implications can be summarized as follows. First, this study proposes a theoretical basis that can be adapted to the VMD configuration factors of a coffee shop by identifying the relationship between brand equity and coffee shops. This study applies the VMD factors to the coffee shops and presents a new research model by examining the relationships amongst VMD components of coffee shops: brand equity, brand preference, and repurchase intention. Second, it clearly establishes the relationship between brand equity and brand preference by identifying the mediating effects of brand preference, given that brand equity has a positive impact on repurchase intention. The practical implications are as follows. First, development of brand equity and management can be important components for coffee shops in determining that the VMD configuration factors of coffee shops have an impact on brand equity. Second, amongst the VMD configuration factors, attractiveness and trend have a positive influence on choosing coffee shops, therefore store atmosphere should be attractively designed, while the menu and interiors should complement each other and be reviewed periodically to conform to the latest trend. Third, VMD configuration factors that are confirmed are not easily changed. Fourth, large franchises and foreign companies have strengths in scale, locations, and brand. Fifth, the different ways of campaigning should be compared to those of large franchises and foreign companies in order to increase brand equity using VMD configuration factors.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2020

Vacuum metal deposition (VMD) is effective to develop latent fingerprints on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces. VMD can be used in cases when fingerprints that can not be developed by generalized techniques or deposited on difficult surfaces. The recommended surfaces for VMD techniques include vinyl, polymer bills, magnetic coated tickets, etc. In this study, the minimum amount of gold input was explored for developing fingerprints from at least 12 hours to up to 28 days after deposit fingerprint on the pink high density polyethylene envelope (HDPE) and low density polyethylene envelope (LDPE), which are mainly used as delivery envelopes. And the results were compared with the effects of black powder and fluorescent powder. In addition, delivery envelopes used for delivery were collected, then classified as HDPE and LDPE and pseudo-operation test was performed. As a result, VMD method developed good quality of fingerprints.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.67-80
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• 2013

Purpose - This study aims to establish the relationships among brand equity, brand attitudes, and Visual Merchandising (VMD) in bakery stores. The results will help bakery franchisees and franchisers in devising appropriate strategies for successfully managing their bakery shops. Research design, data, and methodology - The VMD model for bakery shops comprises harmony, attractiveness, suitability, pandemic, functionality, and reliability. Further, brand equity encompasses brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand image. In this study, the VMD factors of bakery shops are used as independent variables, while brand equity and brand attitude are used as dependent variables. This study aims to ascertain the extent of the influence VMD components of bakery shops have on brand equity and brand attitude. Regression analysis was used to verify those effects. The measurement items, deemed reliable and valid in a previous study, were modified for this study. Questionnaires were distributed to 500 consumers nationwide, of whom 340 were used for the sample. The SPSS 19.0 statistical program was used for the analysis. Results - First, among the VMD bakery shop components, harmony, attractiveness, and pandemic have a positive impact on brand equity (brand awareness and brand image). Second, amongst the VMD components of bakery shops, attractiveness, pandemic, and reliability have a positive impact on brand equity (perceived quality). Third, amongst the VMD components of bakery shops, harmony, attractiveness, and reliability have a positive impact on brand attitude. Fourth, brand equity (brand awareness, brand image, and perceived quality) have a positive effect on brand attitude. Conclusions - This study identifies the relationships between the VMD components of a bakery shop and brand equity and attitude in order to propose a new model. The study has several practical implications. First, the development of brand equity and management can be important components in bakery shops' determination of whether their VMD components have an impact on brand equity. Second, among VMD components, harmony and attractiveness have a positive influence on the choice of bakery shop, while reliability and pandemic have a partly positive influence on the choice of bakery shop. Therefore, store atmospheres should be attractively designed, and store menus and interiors should be reviewed periodically to conform to the latest trends. This study suggests marketing strategies for brand equity formation. First, providing collateral product quality, hygiene, and safety benefits as well as product offerings to complement the season and employees' services should be considered. Second, display methods, illumination designs, and new product ideas should be periodically reviewed. Third, these should complement the overall harmony of the interior and exterior and of the store atmosphere in order to be attractive. Funds should thus be dedicated specifically for the facilities and their interiors. Fourth, it is necessary to build a friendly and relaxed image that can be easily called to mind by the customers.